/ O \f> 



.H73 
Copy 1 

^napiers 

ON THE 

Industries 

AND 

Institutions 
of Maryland 



^l.(^ /Aw CU. 




— J. H. HOLLANDER 




REPRINTED FROM 



"Maryland: Its Resources, 

Industries and Institutions" 




I 



CHAPTER IX. 



commercp: and transportation. 



The history of Ma.rylaud com'nerce is as old as Maryland itself. It 
begins two hundred and fifty years back, with a condition of absolute 
dependence upon English shipping, and this dependence it was the 
avowed policy of the mother country to establish and maintain. During 
the early years of the Province, an P>nglish Order in Council provided 
that " no tobacco or other production of the colonies should thenceforth 
be carried into any foreign parts until they were first landed in England 
and the duties paid." The Navigation .4ct of 1651 furtlier restricted 
trade to English built ships, and for the next hundred years an uninter- 
rupted series of restrictive measures combined to confirm the commercial 
vassalage of Maryland. Agents were established by English mercliants 
at many of the old river towns of the I-'rovince, whither tobacco, securely 
packed in hogsheads, was rolled from adjacent plantations — weighed, 
paid for, and stowed aboard English bottoms waiting at the landing. In 
1761 Maryland trade engaged one hundred and twenty vessels, with an 
aggregate tonnage of 8,000 tons, of which only some thirty vessels, of a 
total burthen of 1,300 tons, were owned in the Province. With the 
events and consequences of the Revolutionary War, the situation under- 
went radical changes. Commercial restrictions were thrown off, and 
trade in the great staples of the State stimulated. Natural advantages 
of location began to assert themselves ; local accumulations of capital 
led to independent purchase and direct shipment, and Maryland ports 
rapidly assumed commercial prominence. 

Between the close of the Revolutionary War and the outbreak of the 
War of 1812, there was an extraordinary expansion of Baltimore trade. 
Continental wars not only increased the demand for Maryland staples, 
but largely diverted the West India trade to this safer port. The rise 
and perfection of the "Baltimore Clipper" aided the opportunity, and 
during the whole period of which we are speaking, Baltimore enjoyed 
the chief part of European and West Indian commerce, together with no 
inconsiderable share of the world's carrying trade. The volume of 
Maryland exports increased from $2,239,691 in 1791, to $5,811,-380 in 1795, 
to $9,151,939 in 1804, and to $14,298,984 in 1807. During the war of 1812, 



314 MAKYLAND. 

tlie commerce of the State was lai'gely suspended, but thereafter it 
developed witli renewed vigor. 

Baltimore was the natural market for the agricultural products of 
the interior and western country. Active communication had long been 
maintained with this vast region; in early days by pack-horses, later by 
long wagon trains that traversed the great northern turnpikes as far as 
the Ohio River. The introduction of steamboats upon the navigable 
waters of the West displaced this means of transportation. Improved 
systems of communication had been established by New York and 
Pennsylvania, and a deflection of trade to these centres was threatened. 
Public-spirited citizens immediately began an agitation to supply the 
need, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company was incorporated in 
1824 for the purpose of constructing a canal from tidewater on the 
Potomac to the 01 io River. Several years later, when estimates of the 
enormous cost of the canal rendered its immediate completion improb- 
able, a supplementary project was proposed — a railroad from Baltimore 
across the mountains to the Ohio. In February, 1827, the first railroad 
charter granted in the United States was given by the General Assembly 
of Maryland to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The work of actual 
construction was begun in the following year. In 1853 the road was 
completed to the Ohio River, and in 1857 direct connection was secured 
with St. Louis. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was opened in 1850 for 
tlirough navigation from Georgetown to Cumberland. These great 
arteries form an organic part of the commercial history of Maryland. 
They opened up a vast undeveloped region, and secured for the 
metropolis of the State a large measure of the advantages suggested by 
its natural location as a seaboard market and distribnting depot for the 
West. 

Both trade and commerce suffered severely from the Civil War. 
Communication with the South was completely cut off, and Western 
trade temporarily diverted to other channels. But the causes of pros- 
perity were suspended, not destroyed, and as the prostrate industrial life 
of the country revived, the trade centres of the State emerged into 
enhanced importance. The vigor and activity of those early days has 
never waned. The commercial prosperity of Maryland is historical in 
its growth, the product of unexampled natural advantages, and perma- 
nent in its stability and strength. 

BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore is located at the head of navigation, on the Patapsco River, 
thirteen miles above its entrance into the Chesapeake Bay, and one 
hundred and seventy miles from the Atlantic Ocean, at Cape Henry. The 
Patapsco River, from the city to the bay, is really an arm of that magnifi- 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 315 

cent estuary, as the fluvial waters under this name terminate near the 
southwestern boundaries of the city, from whence to its junction with 
the bay, it forms a spacious tidal basin, averaging two miles in width, 
with from 18 to 22 feet natural depth at mean low water. This location' 
one hundred and seventy miles inland, connected with the Atlantic by 
the wide and deep waters of the Chesapeake Bay, marked Baltimore in 
the early days of the State as a natural point of transfer for the commerce 
between the interior of the continent and foreign countries. From the 
long-ago days, when swift privateers roamed the seas, and the " Baltimore 
Clipper" was the admiration of the nautical world, until now, Baltimore 
has held a foremost place among Atlantic sea-ports. More, perhaps, to 
natural location, than to any other single cause, is this due. The Patap'sco 
River offers bold water on both sides for many miles of frontage, as does 
the Chesapeake Bay to its mouth. Elevated rolling lands slope down on 
either hand to sandy beaches. The fluctuations of the water level, due 
to the tidal movement (only about eighteen inches), are so slight that in 
either bay or river, navigation is unhindered by the impeding currents so 
often found at other ports. For the same reason no swinging or floating 
stagings are necessary for the lading or discharge of cargoes or passengers, 
nor expensive closed docks to keep vessels afloat at varying stages of the 
tide. For seven miles on one side, and for over three miles on the other, 
railways are in operation, by which every foot of water front can be 
connected, at small cost, with any or all of the railway systems of the 
country. In a word, no city on the Atlantic coast offers, by reason of 
natural situation, facilities for the extension of commercial business 
superior to those presented by Baltimore. 

Ship Channel. In the days when the commerce of the world was 
borne by sailing vessels, and a ship of eight hundred tons was considered 
a large one, the natural deptli of water in the Patapsco was ample for all 
the requirements of a commerce which spanned the Atlantic, embraced 
both shores of the western hemisphere, and covered the waters of the 
Pacific and Indian Oceans with the sails of Maryland ships. As, how- 
ever, in answer to the demands of commerce and the requirements of the 
most economic methods of ocean transport, the size and tonnage of 
vessels steadily increased, until the coasting schooner exceeded in 
tonnage the old Liverpool liners and Indiamen, and steamships of 4,000 
tons burthen were classed among the smaller transports, it became 
evident that if Baltimore was to maintain her commercial importance 
the depth of water in tlie channels of the river must be increased by 
dredging. 

The first efforts in this direction were began forty years ago, the city. 
State and federal governments acting in conjunction, and looked to the 
opening of a channel twenty-one feet deep at the mouth of the river, 



316 MARYLAND. 

wliere the natural deptli was not over eighteen feet at low water. With 
large contributions from the city, added to the appropriations by the 
government, this work of improvement has been steadily pushed forward 
with ever increasing demands for increase of width and depth of waterway, 
to meet increasing size and tonnage of vessels. The ship channel leading 
to this port has now a least width of six hundred feet and a depth of 
twenty-seven feet at mean low water, sufficient, at least for the present, 
for the largest ocean steamers. It may safely be asserted that should 
the necessity arise, additional width and depth will promptly be provided, 
if necessary, by the city alone, whose contributions, heretofore, have 
materially hastened the completion of the work. 

Harbors. At the entrance to Baltimore harbor, the Patapsco River 
divides into the northwest, southwest and middle branches. The north- 
west branch pierces two and a half miles into the very heart of the 
business portion of the city, affording miles of water front, within easy 
reach of the main thoroughfares of the eastern and central sections. 
The southwest and middle branches envelope the southern and south- 
western sections, giving a long expanse of water front, in close proximity 
to the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The main harbor, or 
that on tLe northwest branch, is surrounded by the older portions of the 
city, and contains grain elevators, steamship piers, railroad terminals, 
dry dock, iloating docks and marine railways. This harbor lias a water 
front measured on the pier head line of six and a half miles, an area of 
six hundred and thirty acres, and while leaving ample fairways for the 
movement of vessels, furnishes ninety-six acres of anchorage grounds, 
on which the least depth of water is nineteen feet. The whole of the 
lower portion of the harbor, covering the elevators and steamship piers, 
has a depth of twenty-seven feet at mean low water. The harbor along 
the southwest and middle branches has, within the city limits, and 
measured on the pier head line, a water front of five and a half miles, 
and nearly as much more on the opposite banks, in the county. It 
covers an area of thirteen hundred acres, and has channels of seventeen 
feet depth at mean low water. The total water front within the city 
limits, if fully improved, would furnish at least fifty miles of wharf 
room, allowing docks of one hundred and fifty feet in width. In 
addition to these commercial facilities within the city, there are nearly 
ten miles of water front on the I'atapsco, below the city, with railroads 
in operation near it, on both sides of the river. 

As the harbor of Baltimore is the receptacle for most of the drainage 
of the city and an extensive area of back country, a large amount of 
dredging is annually required to maintain the specified depths of water 
in the various sections of the harbor. This work is done entirely by the 
city, under the immediate direction of an unpaid Commission, known as 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 317 

the Harbor Board, who also are conservators of the laws regulating the 
construction and repair of wharves, and of all laws touching the general 
preservation and maintenance of the harbor and the navigation of the 
river and harbor. 

Port Charges. There are, strictly speaking, no port charges at 
Baltimore, except clearance, register and license fees, paid to the Federal 
Government through the Collector of the Port. These are the same at 
all ports of entry in the United States. What are ordinarily classed as 
port cliarges — that is, cost of wharfage, stevedoring, tonnage, etc., — 
fluctuate from time to time, but always within reasonable limits. Tliere 
is, however, no charge for wliarfage at elevators when grain is taken on, 
and it is generally conceded that all incidental expenses of this kind are 
lower in Baltimore than at any other Atlantic port. 

Baltimore has not, however, become a great exporting centre and 
distributing point by means of natural advantages alone. Local enterprise 
and ready capital have provided ample means of communication and 
unsurpassed facilities for the receipt and distribution of commodities to 
the world's markets. It is to the consideration of these that we now 
naturally turn. 

STEAMSHIP LINES. 

Some twenty regular lines of steamers are engaged in trade between 
Baltimore and important European and South American ports, in addition 
to a large number of " tramp steamers " and several lines of sailing 
vessels. 

Of the regular steamship lines, the North German Lloyd has a service 
of fine vessels between Baltimore, and Bremen and Southampton. Sailings 
are weekly, and the passage is ordinarily made in twelve days. Passenger 
travel has assumed large proportions on this line. The Allan Line, 
between Baltimore and Liverpool, calling at Halifax, makes sailings 
fortnightly, and in the summer season with more frequency. The fleet 
consists of five vessels, fitted with all conveniences for passenger traffic. 
The Johnston Line trades between this port and Liverpool and London, 
and is particularly active in cattle, grain, cotton and lumber transportation. 
The Lord Line has a bi-monthly service from Baltimore to Belfast and 
Dublin. The Donaldson Line offers facilities to sliippers to Glasgow; 
thence to Scotland, Ireland and the northern parts of England. The 
Atlantic Transport Line runs a large fleet of steamships between 
Baltimore, and London and Swansea. The Neptune Line plies between 
Baltimore and Rotterdam, as does also the Royal Netherlands Line, with 
fortnightly sailings. The Bristol Channel Line sails monthly to Bristol, 
and the Empire Line at similar intervals to Leith, Scotland. The Blue 



318 MARYLAND. 

Cross Line plies weekly between Baltimore and Havre. The Puritan Line 
despatches steamers every ten days to Antwerp. The Pinkney-Furness 
Line carries frei^l^t to various European ports ; the Hooper Line, to 
Ijiverpool, and the Hamburg-American Packet Company, to Hamburg. 
The Earn Line has a series of vessels between Baltimore and Santiago-de- 
Cuba, Cuba, with occasional voyages to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The 
Hammonia i/ine carries freight from Baltimore to various Brazilian 
ports. 

The coast trade of Baltimore with northern and southern ports 
has assumed large proportions and engages several important lines 
of steamers equipped for passenger as well as freight traffic. The 
Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company maintain nine large 
steamships with regular sailings to Norfolk, Boston, Savannah, and 
Providence. The Bay Line has a series of fine steamers running nightly 
to Norfolk, where important connections are made with the South. The 
New York and Baltimore Transportation Company operate between 
Baltimore and New York, and the Ericsson Tjine l)etween Baltimore and 
Philadelphia, by way of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. The 
Richmond and York River Line has a fleet which runs to West Point 
and Richmond, where connections are made with the Richmond and 
Danville Railroad. 

Trade with the bay and river ports of Maryland employs a whole 
fleet of vessels. The principal companies engaged in this trafiic are the 
Eastern Shore Steamboat Company, ^^ eems Transportation lane, Maiy- 
land Steamboat Company, Chester River Steamboat CJompany, Sassafras 
River Steamboat Company, Choptank Steamboat Company, Wheeler 
Transportation Line, Maryland and Virginia Steamboat Company, Tol- 
chester Steaniboat Company and others. There are in all about fifty bay 
steamers, ranging in tonnage from 250 to 800 tons, many with excellent 
passenger facilities in addition to freight accommodations. During the 
busy summer season they make daily trips, while in the winter months, 
when the business is lighter, four trips jier week suffice. In addition, 
innumerable schooners, pungies, and bugeyes run throughout the year, 
bringing a vast assortment of produce to Baltimore markets. 

RAILROADS. 

The advantages of inland location have been emphasized and 
developed for Baltimore by the construction of direct lines of railroads, 
placing the city in proximity, nearer by many miles than Northern 
and Eastern rivals, to the great productive sections of the country. By 
the shortest rail line, Baltimore is thus ninety-.'^ix miles nearer points 
in the South than Philadelphia, one hundred and eighty nearer than 
New York and four hundred and thirteen nearer than Boston. With 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 319 

respect to Cincinnati, its advantages over these cities are respectively 
seventy-four, one hundred and sixty-four and three hundred and tliirty- 
two miles, and in regard to other Western points they are even more 
decided. The railroad facilities of Baltimore include five distinct 
standard-gauge railroads and one narrow-gauge road, now being changed 
to standard-gauge. The vantage ground upon which they place the 
commercial interests of the city have been vividly described as follows : 
" Baltimore stands with her face to the south, and with one hand 
prepared to gather the products of neai'ly half of the United States and 
to send them forward to other nations, and in return with the left liand 
to bestow the peculiar products of the soil of Maryland and her sister 
States upon thoi^e States whose climate will not allow the growth of such 
luxuries. One iron finger runs almost due north, through the rich 
farming lands of central Pennsylvania and southwestern New York, 
until it touches the great lakes, with their ships loaded with grain. 
Another stretches out into manufacturing Pittsburg, 328 miles distant, 
the coal, coke, lumber, iron and other mineral lands of southwestern 
Pennsylvania, western Maryland, West Virginia and Ohio, and away to 
Chicago, 830 miles, the central point for the grain, hay, cattle and other 
farm products of the great northwest, and the flour of St. Paul and 
Minneapolis, 1,296 miles from the seaboard. The third finger beckons 
to the stock-raisers of Kentucky and Tennessee, the active men of St. 
Louis, 931 miles to the west, and of Kansas City,. 1,213 miles away, and 
bids them to turn towards Baltimore the rapidly-increasing shipments of 
cattle and cereals from the empire of the southwest. The index finger 
very appropriately follows the lines of the Appalachian system of 
mountains, which, ranging from the southwest to the northeast, give an 
outlet to Baltimore by the natural rilt at Harper's Ferry, whose immense 
water-power, gradually being utilized, must bear tribute to this city. 
Down through the beautiful, fertile and well-watered Shenandoah 
Valley of Virginia the finger points, gathering in the profits from the 
farm lands of the valley proper, the wood and minerals of the mountain 
slopes, the coal and iron of the southwestern Virginia and southern West 
Virginia hills with the cattle of their plains, piercing the pine and hard- 
wood regions of western North Carolina and South Carolina, east Kentucky 
and Tennessee, and finally touching the flourishing manufacturing and 
industrial centres of the new south, Birmingham, Anniston, Ensley and 
other towns and cities of Alabama, which have grown with the develop- 
ment of its natural resources. The broad thumb covers a fertile section 
embracing Richmond, Norfolk, Atlanta, Savannah and Charleston, and 
some of the finest traveling country on the Atlantic slope, extending 
from Norfolk to Florida." 



320 MARYLAND. 

A few words of detail may be added to this summary: 
The Baltimore and Oliio Railroad is so intimately connected with the 
commercial development of Baltimore as natm'ally to attract the first 
consideration. Historically, the first railroad in the United States, it has 
become, by extension and incorporation, one of the yreat trunk lines of 
the country, forming an organic system of more than 3,000 miles. In one 
direction, it extends to Pliiladelphia, thence by direct connection to New 
York; in another, it penetrates the vast regions of the West, Southwest 
and Northwest, tlu'ough the States of Maryland, Pennsylvania, West 
Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, to the waters of the Mississippi. 
Coimections at such important centres as Philadelphia, Washington, 
Pittsburg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis give direct access 
to all sections of the country. The local tide-water terminals of the 
system are situated in the main at Loctist Point, and are planned on an 
extensive scale. Several acres of gromid are occupied by tracks and 
freight houses, while a large water frontage and immense piers render 
possible the transfer of freight from ocean steamers to cars, or vice versa, 
with the utmost facility and economy. Two enormous grain elevators 
for export delivery, located here, have a capacity of 1,500,000 and 1,800,000 
bushels respectively. A third, for local traffic, situated near Camden 
Station, has a capacity of 200,000 bushels. Massive piers are fitted for 
immigrant traffic, and make it almost possible for the new arrival to step 
from steamer to train. On the east side of the harbor are found 
additional piers nnd large shifting yards. The central station of the 
road is conveniently located on Camden near Howard street. Exit from 
the city to eastei'n points has, up to tlie present time, involved ferriage 
across the Patapsco River from Locust Point. This will be obviated by 
the Belt I^ine tunnel, which ijierces the heart of the city to its outskirts. 
Plans have also been completed for the erection of a handsome central 
passenger depot at Lombard and Liberty streets. 

The Northern Central Railway serves to connect Baltimore with the 
great Pennsylvania system, and, at the same time, affords a direct outlet 
to the North. It penetrates the rich agricultural section of central 
Pennsylvania and southwestern New York up to the great lakes, thus 
pouring into Baltimore an enormous volume of corn and wheat for 
export. Direct connection with the coal region of Pennsylvania brings 
to the city a heavy tonnage of antliracite and bituminous coal. The 
tide-water terminals of the road are located at Canton, and occupy 
several acres of ground, with an extensive water front. Grain elevators 
of lai'ge capacity, merchandise piers, immense docks and warehouses are 
also situated here and provide admirable facilities for handling and 
transferring ocean freight. The city terminals of the city are the Calvert 
Street, President Street and Union stations. The general offices of the 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 321 

road are located within a block of the main passenger station on Calvert 
street. Close by are ihe chief inland freight stations, covering several 
blocks. Two associated branches of the Pennsylvania system, the 
Baltimore and Potomac, and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Balti- 
more, connect Baltimore respectively with Washington, and with 
Philadelphia, New York and the East. 

The Western Maryland Railroad is essentially a Baltimore road. Its 
construction was made possible by municipal aid, and at the present 
time it renders a large area of Western Maryland and the rich counties 
of Southern Pennsylvania almost exclusively tributary to Baltimore. 
The main line of the road extends west from Baltimore, through West- 
minster to Hagerstown, then on to Willi am sport on the line of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, to Cherry liun, West Virginia. Branches 
extend to Gettysburg, Waynesboro', Shippensburg,York and Chambersburg, 
Pennsylvania. Direct connection with the Philadelphia and Reading 
Railroad gives access on the one hand to Philadelphia and the coal 
legions of Pennsylvania, and with the Norfolk and Western on the other, 
to the industrial centres of the South. The terminals of the road are 
conveniently located in the eastern section of the city, with passenger 
stations at Hillen, Union, Pennsylvania avenue and Fulton avenue 
stations. The road holds a franchise from the city of Baltimore for an 
extension through the- city along Jones' Falls to Locust Point, and the 
erection of tidewater terminals. 

The Baltimore and Lehigh Railroad, originally a narrow-gauge road, 
extends from Baltimore, through Baltimore and Harford counties and 
Southern Pennsylvania, to York, Pennsylvania, a distance of seventy- five 
miles. The region it penetrates is rich in agricultural and mineral 
wealth, and capable of marked industrial development. A change to 
standard gauge and the extension of the road to tidewater, to Colgate's 
Creek, with the erection of necessary terminals, are measures now in 
course of completion. The passenger station of the road is on North 
avenue. 

The Annapolis and Baltimore Short Line Railroad, designated more 
familiarly as "The Short Line," is a local road, tliirty-three miles in 
length, extending from Baltimore to the capital of the State, and passing 
through a rich trucking section. The road employs the local terminals 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

FOREIGN TRADK. 

Baltimore has been active in foreign trade from its very foundation. 
Before 1786 vessels entered and cleared at Annapolis and Joppa, but an 
independent custom house was established in that year, and duties upon 
local imports were thereafter collected here. In the centiuy which has 

21 



322 MATIYLAND. 

since elapsed Baltimore has become the third largest exporting centre in 
the country, being surpassed only by New York and New Orleans, the 
latter holding second rank by virtue of its immense cotton trade. The 
exports of the five leading cities iri 1892 were as follows: 

New York $877,723,988 

New Orleans 107,084,137 

Baltimore 98,130,889 

Boston 88,800,673 

PhiladelpUia . 60,815,880 

The remarkable development of Baltimore's foreign trade is even 
more clearly indicated by a statement of its import and export values 
during the last ten calendar years : 



Year. 


Imports. 


1 
Exports. 

$55,779,461 
48,500,798 
50,085,814 
48,488,457 , 
34,748,304 
40,810,870 


1881 


.116,378,946 
14,658,000 
13,808,893 
13,090,261 
11,198,095 
11,785,113 


1883 


1888 

1884 


1885 

1886 



Year. 



Imports. 



1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1893 



$13,055,880 
12,098,029 
15,409,334 
15,889,812 
18,270,000 
14,3.58,575 



E.v ports. 



,149,045,970 
45,099,384 
63,077,010 
73,130,083 
79,475,175 
93,126,889 



The chief articles of export are corn, wheat, flour, cattle, tobacco, 
provisions and copper. Importing activity centres about coffee, pine- 
apples, cocqanuts, bananas, chemicals, tin plate and iron ore. The 
amounts, values and direction of imports and exports for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1892, as compared with those of the preceding year, are 
given in the following tables : 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



323 



EXPOETS. 



Articles. 



Unit of 
Quantity. 



July 1, '90, to June .30, '91. 



Quantity. Values. 



July 1, '91, to June 30, '9a. 



Quantity. 



Values. 



Cattle 

Bread stuffs — 

Wheat 

Flour 

Corn 

Oats 

Kye 

Oatmeal 

Cornmeal 

Provisions — 

Tallow 

Beef, canned 

Beef, fresh 

Beef, salted 

Bacon 

Hams 

Butter 

Pork 

Cheese 

Lard 

Fruit, canned 

Apples, dried 

Vegetables, canned. 

Oysters, canned 

Glucose 

Oils- 
Olio 

Fish 

Illuminating 

Lubricating 

Cottonseed 

Lard 

Cottons — 

*Sea Island 

tOther cotton 

c;ioth, uucolored. . . 

Cloth, colored 

Tobacco — 

Leaf 

Stems 

Cigars 

Seeds- 
Timothy 

Clover 

Sundries — 

Starch 

Oil calie 

Kosiu 

Leather 

Copper matte 

Parailine wax 

Bark extract 

Coal, bituminous.. 

Copper ingots 

Whiskey — 

Kye..' 

Bourbon 

Lumber — 

Boards 

Staves 

Logs 



Bushels . 
Barrels. . 
Bushels . 
Bushels . 
Bushels . 
Pounds. . 
Barrels.. 

Pounds.. 
Pounds. . 
Pounds.. 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds.. 
Pounds.. 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds.. 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. , 



I'ounds. . 
Gallons . 
Gallons , 
Gallons . 
Gallons . 
Gallons . 



Pounds. . . 
Pounds.. . 
Sq. Yards. 
Sq. Yards. 



Pounds., 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. , 

Pounds. 
Pounds. 

Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Barrels . 
Pounds. 
Tons ... 
Pounds. 



Tons 

Pounds. . 

Gallons . 
Gallons . 

Sq. Feet. 



77,718 

3,753,967 

3,360, 7(58 

4,389,183 

430 



16,834 

as, 729, 701 

33,a79,638 
8,013,360 
8,145,225 

15,652,270 

.5,.578,126 

95,205 

10,3.50,301 
748,925 

63,904,789 



602,397 



6,624,347 

4,863,748 
14.5,790 
14,708,753 
821,374 
196,600 
263,419 

413,094 

87,193,.597 

203,468 

20,.500 

48,861,1)57 

7,369,630 

312 

2,318,7.56 
9,507,873 

4,630,860 

58,.531,380 

183,375 

37,769 

17,618 

3,198,9.59 



106,366 
3,367,638 

17,691 
23,133 

38,117 



6,450,370 

3,834,476 

12,310,787 

2,.547,850 

380 



.53,916 

1,123,941 

3,044,404 

637,470 

469,391 

1,197,266 

540,202 

11,966 

568,803 

91,714 

4,702,446 

13,069 

28,415 

61,023 

43,890 

157,930 

633,819 
30,144 

7.39,369 

107,194 
83,935 

139,437 

119,878 

8,649,075 

36,421 

2,978 

3,803,979 

1 14,672 

5,721 

108,483 
088,380 

207,213 
840,838 
.542,185 
13,468 
3,467,587 
143,737 
155,798 
383,753 
436,849 

23,767 
33,373 

881,793 
109,715 
414,039 



63,436 

37,858,840 

3,2.51,612 

18,625,755 

133,237 

1,161,901 

3,092,819 

47,265 

37,843,389 

28,100,260 

5,795,7.50 

6,539,513 

8,534,.530 

3,633,052 

68,738 

9,203,630 

193,004 

67,.528,540 



3,878,365 



2,967,639 

7,637,931 



10,.599,399 

1,091,105 

1,610,495 

145,331 



tl38,.593,509 

475,498 

66,415 

55,905,439 

8,333,421 



3,033,392 
7,873,963 

7,230,460 

69,304,801 

111,342 

9,758 

19,989 

2,781,509 



93,385 
11,806,394 

101,319 
533,016 

36,413 



5,373,303 

22,262,308 

16,997,379 

9,664,747 

45,087 

1,183,073 

93,760 

143,841 

1,396,163 

3,040,413 

.5.50,581 

400,545 

695,977 

368,467 

8,506 

555,6.53 

38,536 

5,349,898 

27,753 

338,504 

73,917 

53,305 

81,664 

771,646 



417,810 

139,545 

495,462 

76,918 



11,933,192 

80,777 

9,554 

4,1.53,003 
139,.580 



98,804 
643,327 

330,689 

1,027,877 

195,100 

3,324 

2,713,767 

155,028 

138,664 

251,648 

1,467,288 

88,473 
424,511 

1,109,449 

59,370 

399,151 



*Number of bales of Sea Island cotton, 1,133. 
tNumber of bales of other cotton, 176,713. 
JNumber of bales of other cotton, 381,393. 



3-^4 



JIARYLAND. 



IMPORTS. 



Articles. 



Metals — 

Iron ore 

Pig irou 

Bar irt>u 

Steel hoops 

Steel ingots 

Taggers iron 

Tin-plates 

Chemicals — 

Lime, chloride of 

Potash, muriate of. . . 

Soda, nitrate 

Soda, caustic 

Soda, ash 

Salt calie 

Sulphur, crude 

Fruits and Nuts — 

Banauas 

Cocoanuts 

Pineapples... 

Oranges ! 

Lemons 

Provisions — 

Coffee 

Rice 

Rice, broken 

Salt 

Pepper 

Tea 

Cheese 

Sugar 

Molasses 

Textiles — 

Cloth, cotton 

Cloth, woolen 

Wool dress goods 

Burlaps 

Manufacture of flax. . 
Sundries — 

Guano 

Cement 

Asphaltum 

Licorice root 

Linseed 

Fire-brick 

China, white 

China, decorated 

Toys and dolls 

Tobacco — 

Leaf 

Cigars 

Liquors — 

Malt lifjuor (bottled). 

Wiuc in casks 

Wiue in bottles 

Brandy 

American Whiskey. . . 

Spirits, distilled 

Spirits, all others 



Unit of 
Quantity. 



Tons ... 
Tons . . . 
Tons . . . 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 

Pouuds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pouuds. 
Tons ... 
Tons . . . 



Pounds.. 
Pounds.. 
Pounds.. 
Pounds.. 
Pounds.. 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Pounds. . 
Gallons . 



Sq. Yards 
Pounds. . 
Sq. Yards 
Sq. Yards 



Tons . . . 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pounds. 
Pouuds. 
Tons . . . 



Pounds. 
Pounds. 



Gallons . 
Gallons . 
Dozens. . 
Gallons , 
Gallons , 
Gallons . 
Gallons . 



July 1, '90, to June 30, '91. 



Quantity. 



474,.544 

6,66.5 

53 



Values. 



I,0r,l,.'i87 
3W,3sl 



4,943,130 

610,114 

144,2^4,644 

.5,061,386 

13,6.57,136 

13,304,801 

3,743,349 

.51,4.55,.8.52 

6,331 

9.339 



38,366,682 

774,981 

8,.507,354 

37,387,716 

341,846 

134,406 

198,706 

43,371,097 

77,389 

117,136 
130,938 
561,003 



3,535 
46,057,393 



6,373,358 

" i.oii 



333,005 
4,375 

17,515 

28,761 

3,993 

4, .577 



15,134 
5,455 



37,288 

1.5,131 

5,987,412 

69,633 
304,633 
309,279 

76,153 
743,.591 

70,796 
347,.334 

391,678 
41,062 

156,617 
36,972 
14,748 

5,446,578 
20,333 
151,882 
43,430 
33,833 
34,877 
33,.3.54 

1,319,603 
10,007 

16,717 

138,832 

130,656 

51.941 

87,908 

48,775 
163,589 



115,850 



5,465 
133.330 
171,.595 
188,379 



July 1, '91, to June 30, '93. 



Quantity. Values. 



421,713 

16,349 

51 



34,789 

3,098,334 

53,004,521 

8,063,145 

13,840,848 

13,498,603 

2,866,806 

57,463,383 

6,076 

9,981 



17,793,448 

1,534,062 

7,073,7.50 

33,343,477 

423,960 

163,380 

180,600 

15,599,263 



167,877 
151 ,.534 
315,077 



1,087 

61,461,378 

700 

11,702,700 



2,987 



51,300 
16,581 

17,083 

23,744 

10,621 

9,742 



21,061 



3.52,804 
3,960 

15,931 
34,832 

2,795 



66,905 
10,010 



1,177,833 

412,395 

1,083 



3,099 

73,.537 

1,466,901 

136.047 
307,109 
151,093 

84,291 
775,824 

73,588 
263,293 

163,083 

196,967 

301,331 

10,743 

36,633 

3.608,610 
39,782 
115,072 
31,346 
31,784 
33,444 
29,823 
485,331 



21,101 
1.50,118 

44,386 
103,343 
136,431 

16,280 

205,844 

816 

196,290 



14,933 
138,160 
139,743 
375,301 

78,748 
13,564 

16,046 

30,946 

16,317 

7,535 



114,606 
4,095 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



325 



DIRECTION. 





Values of Imports. 


Values oi 


EXPOKTS. 


COUKTRIES. 


July 1, 1890, 

to 
June 30, 1891. 


July 1, 1891, 

to 

June 30, 1893. 


July 1, 1890, 

to 
June 30, 1891. 


July ], 1891, 

to 
June 30, 1893. 


Azores or Madeira Islands 


282 
24,346 










17,363 
49,335 

86,487 

3,606,093 

438,879 

53,180 

126,675 

150,888 

957,685 

13 

26,417 

35,030 

600 

163 






OthtT African Pos^essioiis 








81,789 

5,453,031 

493,010 

3,538 

184,329 

237,026 

1,934,374 


1,739,833 

3,696,565 

86,488 


5,934,4.58 

3,387,016 

34,813 


Brazil 

British West Indies 


'^ East Indies 


" Guiana 


46,930 


94 890 


Chili 




Cuba 


374,139 


301,308 


China 


46,023 
36,150 




934 


U. S. Columbia 


21,737 

4,400 

69,279 


27,044 


Dutch West Indies 




136 


33,204 


Denmark 


830,965 
33,114,113 




8,857,375 
101,403 


4,143,999 

91,081 

l,3fr4 


33.776,336 
3,734,660 




11,.533,851 


French Posses«ions in Africa 


French West Indies 




43,376 
8,766,793 


58,339 


Germany 


1,497,989 
34,794 
11,351 
1,184 
603,.591 
39,330 
13,046 


1,754,374 
3,566 
1,089 


15,493,383 




Hong Kong 


761 








Italy 


74.5,7.54 

19,838 
43,577 




410 




3,065,149 


7,383,981 


Japan 


Mexico 


630 

5,143,392 

15,516 

110,729 


1,365 


Netherlands 


93,039 
33,188 
23,331 


98,331 

27,388 

32,995 

5,477 

24,914 

25,143 

173,000 

393,970 

141,354 

31,731 

.53,918 

75,433 

97,191 


16,519,990 
13,717 
75,344 


Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 

New Foundland and Labrador 






18,289 


39,.546 




192,440 

254i326' 

132,036 

39,806 

54,943 

58,719 

3,965 




" " Black Sea 










4,306 


Scotland - 


4,631,483 
13,500 


4,686,365 
243,078 




Switzerland 


Turkey in Asia 












Uruguay 


6,393 
2,151 


8,857 




37,775 
32,453 


16,380 




Hawaiian Islands 




Sicily 




2,600 












Total 


20,555,687 


13,418,253 


64,349,787 


98,796,8.56 





326 MARYLAND. 

Grain. For many years Baltimore has been an important grain 
exporting port, and at the present time its cereal trade is exceeded by 
only one jiort on the Atlantic coast. The natural location of the city 
with respect to the interior makes it the nearest point of export to central 
Ohio and the central valley of the Mississippi. This involves a much 
shorter haul, and naturally results in a decided preference for Baltimore 
over other seaboard cities, by grain shippers from the southern and 
middle West. The annual receipts average about 30,000,000 bushels, 
although in 1892 the enormous aggregate of 50,794,541 was reached. The 
bulk of this is drawn from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Iowa, 
Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. During the winter months, when the 
great lakes and the Erie Canal are closed, the area under tribute is 
extended far into the Northwest. The heaviest exports are to Great 
Britain, Germany, Holland, Denmark and Belgium. Seven storage 
elevators and five floating transfer elevators provide ample facilities for 
the prompt receipt and rapid distribution of grain. The storage elevators 
have a capacity of 5,850,000 bushels. Tlie transfer elevators can transfer 
21,000 bushels per hour. Tlie storage and delivery charges for a period 
of ten days are one and one-quarter cents per bushel for grain received 
from cars, and one and one-half cents when received from vessels. An 
efficient inspection department, with a chief inspector at its head, 
inspects and grades all grain arriving at public store-houses. The 
administration of the department is vested in a bureau of inspection, 
composed of the president of the Corn and Flour Exchange and the 
chairman of the wheat and corn committees. The inspection charges 
are twenty-five cents per car, and five cents per hundred bushels when 
received by vessel and delivered according to grade. The suppl^y of flour 
is drawn from the West — Illinois, Indiana and Minnesota — and, in a less 
degree, from city mills. Of the 3,732,150 barrels forming the aggregate 
receipts for 1892, 3,055,458 barrels came by rail and 499,989 from city 
mills. Exportations are principally to Brazil, Great Britain and the 
West Indies. The development of the trade is seen in the following 
table : 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



■327 



EECEIPTS OF GRAIN. 



Tears. 



M' 



1893 

1891 

1890 

1889 

18S8 

1887 

1886 

188.5 

1884 

1883 

1883 

1881 

1880 

1879 

1878 

1877 

1876 

187.5 

1874 

1873 

1872 

1871 



WHEAT. CORN. 

bus. bus. 



OATS. 

bus. 



17,.571,333 
18,743,394 
6,378,638 
6,889,433 
7,004,4431 
13,1.50,486) 
13,310,.534l 
8,414, 114| 
17,7.56,630 
17,146,4.33 
17,898,.569 
30,933,25.5 
36,414,-393 
34,634,426 
32,017,130 
7,.331,.540 
3,94,5,347 
4,409,670 
6, 389, .834 
3,810,917 
3,456,100 
4,076,017 



20,631,.527 
6,938 096 
21,093,894 
18.354,018 
6,943,839 
9,126,699 
1.5,099,869 
15,948,838 
7,093,051 
11,779,6381 
3,401,3081 
15,486,884 
16,.59n,391 
23, 163,986 
17,907,108 
21,312,399 
34,684,230 
9,567, 141 
9,3.55,467 
8,330,449 
9,045,465 
•5,735,931 



2,18.5,676 
1,687,113 
3,556,630 
1,969,916 
2,110,028 
1,810,280 
1,809,2.58 
1,801,794 
1,660,903 
1,193,463 
1,041,743 
9.3,5,616 
1,172,487 
1,616,937 
1,0.52,046 
831,182 
810,312 
977,514 
1,1.39,316 
1,2.55,073 
1,9.59,161 
1,833,409 



RYE. 

bus. 



BARLEY. 

bus. 



MALT. 

bus. 



933,685 
1,306,813 
469,880 
260,300 
200,363 
111,648 
347,454 
393,396 
608,639 
307,483 
118,.524 
178,514 
234,506 
154,331 
59,631 
116,689 
113,160 
74,.529 
118,,5f8 
100,519 
90,938 
88,9.56 



37.5,766 
149, 149 
388,036 
638,395 
t446,751 
493,479 
432,869 
434,946 
380,141 
308,399 
310,317 
333,785 
321,195 
259,307 
3.50,000 



CLOVER 

|AND TIMO- 
TSY SEED. 

I bus. 



TOTAL. 

bus. 



FLOUR, 
bbls. 



150,389 
484,141 



33.3,939 
305,587 
266,100 
218,695 
131,407 



107,.5.55 
89,942 
3.58,830 
117,196 
130,251 
111,483 



+Include8 Malt. 



50,794,.541 

28,954,895| 

31,.5.30,049 

38,319,257 

16,835,675 

35,188,003 

30,095; 571 

37,149,078 

27,718,058 

30,765,831 

33,770,461 

37,867,054 

54,732,872i 

■59,837,977 

41,035,905 

39,491,810 

S9,.551,849l 

15,038,8541 

17,003,065 

13,496,957 

13,.551,664| 

11,734,S03| 



3,7.33,150 

3,099,399 

3,388,937 

3,189,573 

3,015,648 

3,161,263 

1,928,194 

1,.589,063 

1,200,345 

1,1.58,380 

1,237,364 

1,248,357 

I,378,.587 

1,333,233 

1,413,6.53 

1,171,348 

1,S89,.538 

1,391,843 

1, .560, 997 

1,313,613 

1,17.5,967 



EXPORTS OF GRAIN. 




CLOVER 
BARLEY. IanD TIMO- 
bUB. iTHY SEED. 

bus. 



TOTAL. 

bus. 



1893 

1891 

1890 

1889 

1888 

1887 

1886 

1885 

1884 

1883 

1883 

1881 

1880 

1879 

1878 

1877 

1876 

1875 

1874 

1873 



16.661,.559 

16,074,393 

4,817,614 

4,507,165 

4,161,129 

10,717,3.53 

10,.57.5,290 

4,575,362 

16,51 1,340 

15,375,093 

li',.564,407 

19,676,640 

33,768,985 

33,144,349 

19,610,791 

5,479,567 

1,6.59,861 

3,046,430 

3,.556,848 

1,158,097 



18,995,907 

4,096,334 

18,854,951 

16,617,177 

4,419,977 

7,158,433 

14,076,379 

13,752, 196 

4,i'93,7.59 

10,013,247 

1,371,823 

12,73.5,083 

14,686,908 

21,.S27,419 

16,953,458 

19,368,735 

20,953,734 

6,989,607 

5,959,757 

6,003,618 



172,371 

546 

617,0.53 

131.999 

5,670 

. 1,422 

1,160 

33,620 

900 

4,038 

6,262 

10,035 

19,825 

76,577 

19,018 



2,624 



740,670 

796,577 I 
41,900 



26,785 



33,728 

.397,980 

87,.531 



17,847 
21 
42 
84 
70 
75 



107,463 
324,064 
329,958 



137,453 
85,844 



29,034 
49,584 



34,148 



36,704,455 

31,191,713 

24,579,323 

31,3.56,363 

8,734,371 

18,048,979 

34,653,899 

18,394,881 

31,903,979 

3.5,478,909 

18,943,493 

33,431,7.58 

48,475,718 

.53,577,379 

36,666,999 

34,748,393 

83,613,585 

9,036,037 

9,580,367 

7,161,715 



FLOUR. 

bbls. 



3,661,633 

3,703,715 

3,634,382 

3,333,805 

3,417,874 

3,081,346 

I,663,.504 

1,093,093 

437,713 

441,477 

463,878 

413,923 

497,043 

447,134 

•590,150 

.369,519 

426,094 

4.53,000 

474,758 

359,.566 



^^^ MARYLAND. 

Qattle Baltimore is steadily increasin.i,^ in importance as a cattle 
market. It is in close proximity to the rich grazing fields of Virginia 
and lennessee; Western stock is confined for a briefer time than when 
shipped to more northern ports; ample facilities are provided in well 
eqmpped stock-yards, and the steamship lines from this port are especially 
fitted for cattle transportation. The receipts at the Union Stock Yards 
for 1892 were: Cattle, 100,035; sheep, 283,420; hogs, .546,338. The first 
shipment of cattle to foreign ports took place in 1878. Since that time 
tlie tiMde has assumed large proportions, its development being indicated 
by the following figures : 

Tear. xr < 

.Q».Q Number. v,ii„e. 

2 ^•''^^ * 2«7,500 

,Z ^"'^ 949,8.58 

880 =^'^^3 367,44.5 

Ss^ •^•^24 473,83.5 

8^ ^'''^^'' ^'WS.fise 

1^^. 15-393 1,747,09.5 

f^l 18.33G 3,038,900 

2 ^^'^^-^ 1-307.410 

^^^^ 33,28fi 1 903 .513 

Z '''•■'^■" •'•0'™-"'^o 

,Z 90,847 7,481,340 

;'^:^,;--V; "«-3-» .5,518,703 

1802, to (Vt.ber 1 78,092 . 6;515;758 

"^"^'^^ 417,333 .136,889,34.5 

Tohacco. Baltimore has always been the principal market for all 
tobacco grown in Maryland. B,it little of this is used for domestic 
consumption, the bulk being exported to Holland, Germany, France and 
Northern F.iirope. Baltimore is also the distributing point fo"r much of tlie 
tobacco grown in Eastern Ohio, part of which is consumed in this country 
part exported to Europe. Since early provincial days a system of ofiicial 
inspection has prevailed, designed for the protection of seller and 
purchaser. Three warehouses for this purpose are in operation in 
Baltimore. The transactions for 1892 are indicated in the followincr 
statement : ^ 

Stock ou ham! .ranuaryl, 1893 3 788 hhds 

INSPECTIONS. 

Maryland 04 8i i 



99 4.55 



Deduct re-inspections 2356 

""^TV ■: ; ^ 

Deduct re-inspectious 4(.j 

Virginia and Kentucky "'"gj 



-28,575 
36,458 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 329 

Amount brought forward gg ^g 

SHIPMENTS OP MARYLAND AND OHIO TO 

ST"^ 3,804 

f""°" 13,469 

Antwerp ' ^^ 

Hamburg " 

England ':' 

^'^°ce ■•■••■ j^Q^,^ 

North of Europe via New York ' 87 

Taken for home consumption and bv Baltimore manu- 
facturers and re-packers o 247 

Shipments of Virginia and Iventucky of Baltimore "' 

inspection - " „„ 

31,670 

Stock December 31, 1892 . ..^ 

4, /oo 

STOCK DIVIDED. 

Firsthand '^ "^^ ^^-- «-• 

Shippers 3 837 ^^^ 

Manufacturers 483 933 ^^ 

"^o'^^ 3,.383 1"^ ^ 

hnrflW^lT;/"'' '"*.r/''''P*' °^ Baltimore, though considerable, are 
haidly of the magnitude to be expected from so favorable a point of 
export Local storage and compressing facilities are excellent; ocean 
freights are cheaper, and higher prices are obtained here than It more 
southern parts. With the extension and development of southern 
transportation facilities, it is probable that this trade will undergo 
marked expansion. The movements for the year ending August 31 
1892, compared with those of the preceding year, are as follows : 

,, . 1893. 1S91 

Gross receipts, bales .- ggooog 28I ,570 

Add stock carried over g_,,00 'g^j, 

'^"*^' 391,705 281,770 

DISTKIBUTION. 

E.xported, Great Britain lag^g Jg 743 

;. Continent 154678 g3'374 

France 7 (.11 -, o'^r.^ 

Coastwise and spinners' takings '.'.." yoogr, nn'^n 

Destroyed by fire ^ogg ^^''^^^ 

Stock on hand, August .31 9900 ,5 500 

The chief articles of export in addition to the above are: provisions 
copper, oils, lumber, oil cake, seeds and wliiskey. The principal items 
included under the head of provisions are lard, beef fcannedTnd fth) 
tallow, bacon and pork. For the fiscal year 1892, these items formed a 
total amount of 146,996,099 pounds, valued at $11,188,685. Extensive 



330 MARYLAND. 

copper mines and works in IMontana and Arizona are controlled by Balti- 
more interests, and tlie entire ontpnt is marketed in Baltimore. Nearly 
twenty tliousand tons of tlie matte, valued at .12,713,767, were exported in 
1892, in addition to 11,806,294 ponnds of ingots, valued at $1,467,288. 
Among exported oils, petroleum, lubricating and cottonseed are the most 
important. Olio to the value of $771,646 was sent abroad in 1892. In 
addition to the enormous quantity of lumber received for local consump- 
tion — some seventy million feet in 1892 — exports in boards, staves and 
logs during tlie year aggregated one and a half million dollars. Oil cake 
added a value of $1,027,877; timothy and clover seed, $736,031, and 
whiskey, $512,983.- 

Coffee. For almost a century Baltimore has been a leading centre 
for the importation and distribution of coffee. The supremacy of the 
Baltimore clipper led to the early development of the trade, and it has 
since been maintained by long established firms. For a series of years 
the volume of imports decreased with the keen competition of other 
seaboard cities, but the normal tendency has more recently begun to 
assert itself. During 1892, trade was larger and more profitable than for 
some years past. The volume of imports aggregated 183,458 bags as 
against 166,689 in 1891, showing an increase of 16,769 bags. Aside from 
the benefits arising from intimate accxuaintance with the trade, Balti- 
more possesses certain definite advantages as a favorable point of import. 
These consist in advantageous location, involving lower rates for interior 
shipment, ample facilities for receipt and distribution, and extraordi- 
narily low terminal charges. This latter point is especially deserving of 
emphasis, — careful estimates showing an advantage of nearly fifty per 
cent, ill favor of Baltimore as against other Atlantic seaports. 

Fruit, etc. A fleet of vessels is engaged in the fruit trade between 
Baltimore and the AVest Indies. Pinc^apples, cocoanut and bananas are 
largely imported for home consumption and general distribution. In 
1892 imports under this head aggregated $607,746, as against $541,077 in 
1891. Baltimore is one of the largest manufacturing centres of fertilizers 
in the country, and hence a heavy importer of chemicals — soda ash, 
brimstone, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, etc. The volume of 
imports is further swelled by iron ore, 421,712 tons (1892); tin plate, 
52,004,521 pounds (1892); sugar, 15,599,263 pounds (1892). 

The extent of Baltimore commerce is further shown in the following 
statement of the tonnage movement and number of immigrants landed 
at the port for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892: 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



331 



TONNAGE MOVEMENT. 



Nationality. 


Sail. 


Steam. 


Total. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


Araeiicau, foreiKD trade 


166 


52,638 
6,551 

" ' '271 
9,248 
1,501 


9 

531 
1 
5 

59 
1 

44 
3 


3,701 

846,719 

1,198 

10,009 

163,330 

1,334 

23,829 

5,059 


175 

551 

1 

5 

60 

14 

46 

3 




British 


55,339 


Danish 


853,370 


Dutch 




1,198 


German 


.... 

13 
2 


10,009 


Italian 


163,.591 


Norwegian 


10.573 


Spanish 


25,330 






5,0.59 


Total forl893 


203 
303 


70,309 
78,994 


653 
414 


1,0.53,1.59 
637,761 


855 
617 




1891 


•■■1,123,368 




706,755 


Entered coastwise 1892 










1,153 
1,215 




1891. 




1,192,137 
1,150,882 



*59 per cent, increase. 



CLEARED. 



Natiiiuality. 



Sail. 



No. of 
Vessels. 



American, forei™ trade . 

British : 

Danish 

Dutch 

German 

Italian 

Norwegian 

Spanish 



147 
18 



Total lor 1893 . 
1891 . 



Cleared coastwise 1893. 
1891. 



171 
185 



Tons. 



Steam. 



No. of 

Vessels. 



5!tS17 
6,305 



1,131 
3,021 



61,435 
55,677 



Tons. 



Total. 



No. of 
Vessels. 



Tons. 



7 
637 

1 
23 
97 

'44 



804 
523 



714 

1,004,474 

1,198 

44,521 

239,053 

'3'4',334 
8,217 



1,332,500 
849,538 



154 

645 

1 

23 

98 



47 
5 



975 
708 



1,909 
1,930 



52,531 

1,010,679 

1,198 

44,.521 

239,323 

1,121 

26,345 

8,317 



*1,.383,935 
905,215 



1,534,602 
1,501,158 



*53 per cent, increase. 



332 



MARYLAND. 
IMMIGRATION. 



Nationality. 



Male. 



Female. 



Total. 



Argentine Repablic. 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bohemia 

British West Indies. 

Deumarli 

England 

France 

Germany 

Hungary 

Ireland" 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Poland 

Portugal 

Roumania 

Kussia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Turliey in Europe.. 



Totals 

Passengers not immigrants. 



Grand total, 189a. 
Grand total, 1891. 



1 

2,923 

3 

1,101 

7 

164 

187 

13 

17,080 

1,864 

51 

2 

60 

2.5 

517 

2 

10 

6,644 

.5 

173 

11 

4 



30,84.5 



1,486 

1 

1,021 

5 

113 

125 

11 

16,667 

734 

66 



47 

19 

153 



6 

4,366 

2 

131 

15 



24,978 



4,408 

4 

2,123 

12 

277 

312 

24 

33,747 

2,.598 

117 

2 

107 

44 

670 

2 

16 

11,010 

7 

308 

26 

12 



.55,823 
1,500 



57,323 
42,004 



CUMBERLAND. 

Some idea of the causes of Cumberland's ircmense trade, and advan- 
ta-g'es as a distributive point, may be better compreliended after a brief 
description of its railroads and the country through which they form 
channels for the outlet of the i)roducts of the farm, forest and mines. 
For what may be known as local distribution, it has several distinct 
roads. The Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad with its branches 
runs up through the mining region, and taps the towns of Eckliart, Mt. 
Savage, Frostburg, Lonaconing and Piedmont, whose aggregate popula- 
tion is over 15,000 souls, all living within twenty-eight miles of Cumber- 
land. The George's Creek and Cumberland Railroad reaches Lonaconing 
by another route. The Piedmont and Cumberland, an extension of the 
West Virginia Central and Pittsburg, parallels the Baltimore and Oliio 
through one of the most fertile of Allegany county's agricultural districts, 
and at Piedmont connects with the parent line. This opens up for one 
hundi'ed and twenty-two miles the vast timber lands and gas coal regions 
of West Virginia. For the shipment of merchandise and coal to the 
large eastern and western markets, there are the main stem of the 
Baltimore and Ohio, the Pittsburg and Connellsville, and the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroads, which last road obtains an entrance to the city over the 
tracks of the State line branch of the George's Creek and Cumberland 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 333 

Road. Added to this, tlie Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which has its 
western terminus in this city, affords direct connection with tidewater at 
Georgetown, D. C. 

With all these facilities the expeditious handling of freight is, com- 
paratively speaking, an easy matter. With Cumberland as an entrepot, 
immense quantities of merchandise are received and distributed over the 
different lines mentioned. The express business for the months of 
October, November and December of 1892 shows oyer a million and a half 
of pounds received and forwarded. The United States Express Company 
handled 733,457, the Adams Express Company 437,976, and the Cumber- 
land and Feimsylvania Express Company 532,000 pounds. 

The freight handled, exclusive of coal, for the same period by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad amounted to 135,195,708 pounds; that 
handled by the Cumberland and Pennsylvania was 53,420,000 pounds; by 
the West Virginia Central, over the Piedmont and Cumberland, 92,703,436 
pounds ; by the Pennsylvania Railroad, to and from Cumberland, 68^435,'433 
pounds. To recapitulate, the tomiage of the express and freight business 
done in Cumberland dm-ing the months of October, November and 
December of 1892 was as follows : 



United States Express 73g 45^ 

^^^'^"^^ 4:i7',m 

sya.ooo 



c.&v 

Total. 



1,700,433 

The freight handled, exclusive of coal, for the same period, was— 

Baltiuiore and Ohio jyg g^j qq^ 

Cumberland and Pennsylvania .5;^ 430000 

West Virginia Central j)o 7()3'43(; 

Pennsylvania Railroad 08 435 433 

Total 353,839,903 

Total pounds of express matter 1 706 433 

Total pounds of freight matter 352 829 963 

Grand total 354,536,-390 

From the trade for the last three months of 1892, some conception of 
the annual bu.siness carried on may be formed. This tonnage, it must be 
remembered, is wholly made up of merchandise; coal, the most important 
article of distribution, does not enter into it at all. The statistics of the 
Cumberland coal trade, which are published annually, report an output 
from the twenty-nine companies engaged in mining, of over four mil- 
lions of tons for 1892, and the employment of every railroad entering 
Cumberland in their removal to the seaboard. 



334 MARYLAND. 

The number of tons mined, and the tonnage delivered by the 
different railroads to Cumberland, and there distributed, was as follows : 

t'llOM— To n.&O.H.U.C.&O.Cau. Penna.K.K. Local. Total. 

Cumberland & Pennsylvania R. R.... 1,343,905 93,705 314,011 83,089 1,734,710 

Eckhart Branch K. r" 313,453 170,llfi 30,755 510,333 

Georitc's Creek & Cumberland R. R... 308,113 .568,003 38,303 804,317 

WesrVirginia Central Railway 34.5,987 3,080 433,473 198,(575 971,314 

3,310,450 366,901 1,305,480 340,731 4,039,564 

The successful handling and disposition of this vast amount of 
freight places Cumberland in the front rank of cities of its size as an 
admirable distributive point. 

The West Virginia C^entral Railway is about to build an extension 
from Cumberland to Hagerstown, at which p(Mnt it will connect with 
the Western Maryland Railroad, and will afford Cumberland another 
artery of commerce. Surveys have been made for another road to reach 
the rich agricultural communities or upper villages of tiie South Branch, 
and an extension of the electric railway of Cumberland through the 
entire mining portion of the county is also among near possibilities, a 
company having already been chartered and organized for this purpose. 

HAGERSTOWN. 

Any consideration of the trade and commerce of Hagerstown involves 
in large measure the trade of Wasldngton county, of which it is the 
geographic as well as business centre. Before the construction and 
development of railroad systems, in the days of the " Conestoga Wagon " 
with its "bell team," wheat, the staple product of the county, was 
ground in local mills. For many years the county stood well in the lead 
in production of this cereal, and its numerous available streams placed 
ample mill power within easy reach of every section. The county seat 
being the banking centre, farmer and miller went there for the purchase 
and sale of the commodity, and the National road was the highway to 
market. The early development of a fine system of macadamized 
roads, radiating hence to every section of the country and affording easy 
transportation, in winter especially, tended still further to such concen- 
tration. When the railway development came, natural conditions led to 
the same centering and radiation, so that now there is no village or point 
within tlie county more than three or four miles distant from a railroad 
station. 

The Cumberland Valley Railroad, running from Harrisburg, Penn- 
sylvania, to Winchester, Virginia, crosses the whole width of the State 
here, a distance of twelve miles, and brin^^s into close connection the 
whole of the Pennsylvania system. The Shenandoah division of the 
Norfolk and Western, beginning here, extends to Roanoke, Virginia, and 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 335 

by its local connectiou with the Cumberland Valley, puts the city upon 
the great inside highway from New York to New Orleans and Memphis 
in the southwest, and to all Florida points in the southeast. A road is 
now being constructed from here to Cumberland which will connect, at 
this point, the Cumberland Valley and the West Virginia Central, thus 
making a direct route to the seaboard for the immense coal and timber 
products of West Virginia. The Washington County branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio, running southward twenty-four miles through the 
county, connects it closely with that great thoroughfare. 

The Western Maryland, striking the county at its northeast corner, 
traverses the greater part of its extent westward to its connection at 
Cherry Run, West A^irginia, with the main liue of the Baltimore and 
Ohio. It touches the Potomac at Williamsport, and by its branch from 
the mountain foot at Edgemont, thence to Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 
connects with the Reading road, thus giving the advantage of close 
association with that extended system. There is thus secured to every 
smaller town, and to every section of the county, direct and frequent 
access to Hagerstown, and her distributive trade finds actual and active 
competition for transportation to every quarter, north, south, east and 
west. With twenty-eight passenger and express trains daily each way, 
it is not surprising that a large traffic has been developed in dairy 
products, fruit and poultry, for the markets of New York, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, Washington and Pittsburg are all within less than twelve 
hours from the city. 

Another phase of development, not immediately connected with 
Hagerstown, yet in part the outcome of its business enterprise and 
capital, and in large measure under the control of its citizens, is the peach 
industry. Along the slopes and foot hills of the mountains on either 
side, thousands of acres are now planted in peaches, and growing yearly 
in value. The crop of 1892, under the very adverse conditions attending 
it, exceeded a half million bushels, the whole of which was marketed in 
the eastern markets to private consumers, and not for canning, the 
quality being to growers of far greater moment than quantity. Under 
fair conditions it is expected that the crop of this year will greatly 
exceed a million bushels. As further indicating somewhat of the 
character and amount of its trade, may be noted these facts : The whole- 
sale grocery and notion trade, reaching from Baltimore to Wheeling, 
from Harrisburg to Roanoke, amounts annually to over $1,000,000; the 
sale and shipment of beef, cattle, sheep and hogs, exceeds §600,000 ; of 
horses, $250,000; of hay, $100,000; of hardwoods, cut and in bulk, all 
exported, $175,000. Retail trade is represented in part by the annual 
sales of dry goods, $400,000; clothing, ready made, $150,000; custom 
made, a like amount; shoes and hats, $200,000; groceries, $500,000; 



336 MARYLAND. 

leather and its products, $75,000; liardware, $150,000; agricultural imple- 
ments, a large part of which, steam engines, tlireshers, clover hullers, 
etc., are made here, $150,000; fertilizers, $125,000; confectionery, $100,000. 
In the marcli of improvement the latest mill machinery has been 
introduced, and the manufacture and shipment of flour has also in large 
part centered here. From the four large roller mills and elevators in or 
controlled from the city, there is shipped as flour the product of about 
300,000 bushels of wheat annually; the shipments of corn aggregate 
100,000 bushels more. A large part, however, of the corn grown in the 
county is used in fattening cattle during the fall and winter, all being 
shipped from this point to Eastern markets, whence a part is exported 
directly to I.,iverpool. 

THE EASTERN SHORE. 

The Peninsula, comprising the Eastern Shores of Maryland and 
Virginia, and the State of Delaware, is about one hundred and seventy 
miles in length iroia north to south, aud about sixty-flve miles in width 
from east to west at its widest part. It is bounded on the east by the 
Delaware River and Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south and 
west by the Chesapeake Bay. It is so penetrated on all sides by numer- 
ous navigable rivers, creeks and inlets, that it has been said that there 
are few farms, towns, or dwellings on the Eastern Shore of Maryland 
more than five miles from navigable water. This fact, with the smooth 
level roads, renders the matter of transportation by water a simple ques- 
tion. At the same time the absence of mountains and high hills, and 
the rarity of stone and rock, render the construction of railroads inex- 
pensive. The railroads of the peninsula are, with two exceptions, so 
closely connected in organization, that no intelligible account of the 
railroads on the Eastern Shore of Maryland is possible without reference 
to those of Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Virginia. 

The Peninsula is traversed from north to south by a line of railroad, 
a part of wliich is controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad system. The 
Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad begins near Wilmington, 
Delaware, and runs through the State of Delaware, nearly parallel with 
the Maryland line, to Delmar (ninety-five miles). From this point the 
New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Road runs through Maryland and 
Virginia to Cape Charles City, a distance of ninety-five miles (thirty- 
seven miles in Maryland). At Cape Charles City, coimection is made by 
ferry with Norfolk, (twenty miles). These two roads make a continuous 
first-class road running from the extreme north to the extreme south of 
the Peninsula; and through trains make tlie run from Cape Charles City 
to Philadelphia in six and a half hours. 



COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 337 

These roads are practically operated as a part of the Peunsylvauia 
system. Connected with them, are a number of smaller tributary roads 
also owned or controlled and operated by the Pennsylvania Raili-oad' 
Beginning on the Chesapeake side and with the most northerly the 
Queen Anne and Kent Railroad runs from Centreville, the county town 
of Queen Anne's county, northeasterly through Queen Anne's and Kent 
counties to Massey's (twenty-five miles), connecting at that point with 
the Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad, and also with a branch of the 
Delaware Division, Pennsylvania Railroad, running from Towusend in 
Delaware, to Massey's (nine miles). The Delaware and Chesapeake 
Railroad begins at Oxford, in Talbot' county, and runs northeasterly 
through Talbot and Caroline counties to Clayton, Delaware (fifty-four 
miles, of which forty are in Maryland). The Cambridge and Seaford 
Road, running from Cambridge, in Dorchester county, northeasterly to 
Seaford, Delaware (twenty-seven miles, about twenty-two miles in Mary- 
land), connecting at Seaford with the Delaware Division. The Grisfield 
Branch of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad beo-ins at 
Crisfleld, in Wicomico county, runs northeast to Peninsula Jmiction 
(seventeen miles) in the same county, connecting at that point with the 
New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. On the Atlantic side the 
Delaware, Maryland and V^irginia Road begins at Franklin City on 
Chincoteague Sound, in Virginia, near the Maryland line, and runs 
northerly, parallel with the Atlantic, to the Maryland line, and throu-h 
Delaware, connecting with the Delaware Division at Harrington (seventV 
eight miles, thirty-five miles in Maryland). These roads furnish 
excellent facilities for the transportation ot freight an<l passengers to 
Philadelphia and points on the Pennsylvania system, all of them havino- 
two trains daily each way. "^ 

The Peninsula is traversed from east to west by the Baltimore and 
Delaware Bay Railroad, as yet unfinished. It begins at Bombay Hook on 
the Delaware Bay, at which point it connects with the New Jersey 
Central by ferry, and runs in a westerly direction, crossing and connecting 
with the Delaware Division at Clayton, and when finished will extend to 
Rock Hall, in Kent county, Maryland, it has been finished from Bombay 
Hook to Chestertown (forty-two miles), with a branch to Nicholson (nine 
miles— thirty-three miles in Maryland). It has been graded to within 
about four miles of Rock Hall, and will probably be finished in the 
course of this year. Rock Hall is immediately opposite the Patapsco 
river, and the nearest harbor on the Eastern Shore to Baltimore. From 
this point connection will be made by ferry with Baltimore (about 
eighteen miles). At present the road is operated from Clayton to Ches- 
tertown only. It is owned by parties interested in the New Jersey 
Central Railroad. 



•"^•^S MARYLAND. 

The Baltimore and Eastern Shore Railroad begins at Ocean City, a 
summer resort on the Atlantic coast, and runs northwesterly throngh 
Maryland to Claiborne, on Eastern Bay, a tributary of the Chesapeake 
(eighty-seven miles). From this point connection is made by boat with 
Baltimore (foi'ty-two miles). This road is in the hands of a receiver, but 
is now in process of reorganization. The plan of I'eorganization includes 
the extension of the road from Easton, north thnmgh Talbot and Queen 
Anne's county, and Kent county to Centroville, Chestertown and Rock 
Hall, connecting at that })oint by ferry with Baltimore. 

The number of manufactures or industrial enterprises on the Eastern 
Shore is limited. The people are engaged chiefly in farming, fishing and 
oystering. 'I'he country is naturally very fertile. It is level or rolling, 
has no large hills and no stone, and it is easily cultivated. Its agricul- 
tural products are chiefly wheat, com imd the other cereals and fruit, 
i^arge quantities of peaches, pears and otlier fruit are raised. Though 
possessing exceptional facilities for the raising of stock, this industry 
does not exist to any great extent. Attention has recently been called to 
the advantages of the Eastern Shore as a health resort, and there is 
already some travel to the locality for this reason. The freight carried 
by the roads consists, in addition to passenger business, of products of 
the farms and water. Large quantities of gniin, fruit, oysters, fish and 
game are shipped to the North and West over these railroads, the return 
freight being chiefly coal, lumber and the usual requii'ements of a farm- 
ing and fishing population. 



CHAPTER X. 



MANUFACTURES. 



Tlie history of colonial Maryland is essentially that of an agricultural 
community. Throughout the seventeenth and far into the eighteenth 
centuries " tobacco is king." It not only dominated all economic activi- 
ties, hut even entered into the details of social and political life. The 
commercial policy of England fostered its cultivation, as tending to 
preserve in her possessions an exclusive market for British manufac- 
tures. This fact, aided somewhat later by actual measures of repression, 
served to prevent any general industrial activity in provincial Maryland. 
Yet the natural advantages of mineral wealth and motive power could 
not be entirely suppressed. Iron-works were opened along the Patapsco 
river as early as 1715, and the regular exportation of pig-iron began in 
1717. Thrifty German settlers, a little later, introduced the beginnings of 
wool and flax spinning, and the manufacture of linen and woolen goods. 
Numerous flour mills were attracted by the excellent sites along Jones' 
Falls, Gwynn's Falls and the Patapsco river, and this industry more 
perhaps than any other single cause, contributed to the early growth of 
Baltimore. 

In 1769 a non-importation association was organized, and extended 
throughout the province. The discredit thus thrown upon the whole 
line of British manufactures, culminated five years later in a system of 
practical non-intercourse with Great Britain, and for a term of years the 
colonists were thrown largely upon their own resources. Varied branches 
of manufacture sprang up, and the province tended rapidly to become 
self-supporting. In 1778 we find in active operation linen, woolen, card 
and nail factories, paper and slitting mills and bleach-yards. The first 
sugar refinery was established in Baltimore in 1784, and five years later 
the manufacture of glass was introduced. A considerable number of 
flour mills, iron furnaces, cotton mills and tanneries were in successful 
operation in different parts of the State. 

The industrial development of Maryland during the next half century 
is gradual, but substantial. Commerce and shipping, rather than manu- 
factures, engage general attention ; yet Baltimore steadily becomes a 



340 MARYLAND. 

leading centre for sugar refining, cotton duck manufacture, flour nulling 
and metal production. Tn other directions progress is less marked, 
but everywhere the substructure is laid for tlie activity of later times. 
The new era may be said to have begun with the industrial revival 
following the close of the late war, and has ever since proceeded with 
rapid strides and over a widening area. 

In industrial opportunity Baltimore is unsurpassed among American 
cities, aud younger centres invite development in every section of the 
State. Geographical position and railroad connection afl'ord special 
opportunities in the procurement of raw materials and the distribution 
of products. Interior situation confers great advantages upon the harbors 
of the State as f;i,vorable ports of entry. Healthful climate, cheap living, 
low rents, skilled labor, tax exemptions, favored sites, water frontage, 
motive power, are among the special attractions that invite manufacturing 
industries of all kinds. 

BALTIMORE. 

In these days of forced urban development, it is common for every 
new manufacturing town to claim extraordinary advantages as an 
industrial centre. Far-sighted men, however, recognize that the struggle 
for existence is nowhere fought out more relentlessly than in the 
commercial world; and that those cities which have attained industrial 
prominence by slow development and by force of natural advantages are 
far more inviting, other things being equal, than those which have been 
forced into temporaiy importance by artificial methods. 

INDUSTRIAL ADVANTAGES. 

The advantages which Baltimore offers as a manufacturing centre 
consist in natural location, in peculiar economic conditions, and in the 
liberal policy of its municipal administration. Reference has already 
been made to the advantages conferred by favored geographical situation 
and the establishment of direct lines of communication. In the case of 
Baltimore, closer proximity by several hundred miles to the great cotton 
belt of the Soutli, to the grain-growing sections of the West, and to the 
wood, coal and iron wealth of the interior, affords cheap and easy access 
to the supplies required for industries of every kind. The labor supply 
is steady and efficient. As compared with New York and Philadelphia or 
Boston, skilled mechanics receive from twenty-five cents to one dollar a 
day less in building and iron industries, and seventy-five cents to one 
dollar and a-half less as compared with Chicago, St. Louis and Minne- 
apolis. Unskilled labor is available at from one dollar to one dollar and 
a-half per day. This difference in labor cost does not involve lower 
efficiency or poorer living. Tn no other city of similar size in the 



MANUFACTURES. 



341 



country are the laboring classes better off. The proximity of a rich and 
productive country, the cheapness of water transportation, and the 
economy of domestic distribution through public markets, combine to 
render the cost of living in Baltimore less than in cities of much smaller 
size. The cheapness of house rents in Baltimore is notorious. Neat and 
comfortable dwellings in respectable neighborhoods may be rented at 
fifteen and eighteen dollars a month, and houses in more favored sections 
with many conveniences can be had for twenty-five dollars a month. 
Handsome dwellings, desirably located .and fitted with all modern 
appointments, may be rented for forty dollars a month. The supply of 
water available for manufacturing purposes is unlimited and furnished 
at a nominal rate. Desirable manufacturing sites can be obtained with 
or without water frontage, and plants as erected are exempted by special 
ordinance from municipal taxation. 



INDUSTRIES. 

The manufacturing interests of Baltimore include almost every 
important industry. The city is the largest manufacturing centre in the 
United States of ready-made clothing, oyster canning and fruit packing, 
shirts and overalls, fertilizers, straw goods and cotton duck, while its 
operations in other directions are absolutely even of greater magnitude. 
The statistics of important industries as retiu'iied by the Eleventh 
Census are as follows : 

i.« 



Industries. 



ox: 

g 5 g Employed. 



Capital 



Average 

Wages inumber of Materials 

Paid, j Rands I used. 

Employed 



Miscellan- 
eous 
Expenses. 



Brass Casting 

Clothing.... 

Fertilizers 

I ron Foundries 

Oyster and Fruit Cauning 

Liquors, distilled 

Liquors, malt 

Drugs and Medicines 

Slaughtering and .Meat Packing 
Tobacco 



7 


$ 1,689,428 


$ 663,0.56 


1,187 


$ 785,8.53 


1 
S 30,745 1 


12.5 


11,897,563 


4,178,971 


13,094 


8,130,981 


408,258 i 


2b 


4,163,347 


309,741 


638 


3,.566,.577 


197,816 i 


05 


5,041,767 


1,837,4.50 


3,436 


1,789,085 


335,833 


40 


3,236,416 


1,886,851 


8,990 


5,369,361 


141,023 


.5 


1,431,325 


94,834 


146 


683,861 


1,039,330 


27 


4,934,988 


5.32,7.30 


690 


1,508,483 


963,063 


30 


975,735 


346,028 


698 


779,251 


390,599 


14 


1,1.53,856 


32.5,112 


421 


3,668,147 


75,233 


350 


4,208,451 


1,240,093 


3,342 


3,.523,336 


1,260,387 



Goods 
Manufact- 
ured. 



S 1,90.3,8.50 
15,032,924 
3,9.57,.345 
4,718,189 
8, .516, 799 
2,085,.560 
3,82.5,174 
1,947,9.50 
4,311,413 
5,906,333 



Percentages of Increase. 



Number of establishments reported. 

Capital invested 

Number of hands employed 

Wages paid 

Cost of materials used 

Value of product at work 



35.23 
104.63 

40.39 
121.83 

44.27 

69.19 



*CompJled from Census Bulletin, No. ' 



342 



MARYLAND. 



The following additional statistics are published through the 
courtesy of Superintendent Robert P. Porter, of the Census Office. They 
are preliminary in character, and subject to revision and correction, 
before final publication : 

II. 



Ikdustbies. 



OS3 

I -3 i£r a 



capital. iM'^=:;"'^">um?ln 
;„^ eous I ^f 

(«) Expeu.ee. na°k 



Wages. 



Cost 

of 

Materials. 



Value 

of 

I'loducts. 



Boots and shoes(6) | 49 

Bi-ickand tile 26 

Confectiouery '.tS 

Clav aud pottery )irodiU'ts 10 

Flouriug aud gristmills , 11 

Furuiture(c). .^ 36 

Hats it caps, not including wool hats.! IS 

Leather, tanned aud curried | 12 

Lumber(j) 31 

Millinery and lace goods \ 6 

Paintsand oils(rf) 12 

Pianos(e) i 4 

Musical iustrunu'nts(i-) 11 

Printing and pulilishini.(/) j 127 

Shirts, factory products , 18 

Shipbuilding" : 19 

Steel(r7)..... | 11 

Marble and stone work(7)) .% 

Lithographing and engraving 4 



% 938,514 
1,941,089 

908,474 

492,9.57 
1,008,048 
1,223,444 

724,4.57 

303,788 

1,789,101 

.59,075 

469,357 

1,003,937 

33,343 

1,696,184 

418,400 
1,2.56,432 

648,908 
1,164,4.57 

183,800 



38,605 \% 
137,786 

98,533 

8,804 

153,609 

76,038 

86,673 

11,586 

131,118 

5,482 

17,944 
128,460 
3,.596 
336,489 I 

44,235 ; 

91,343 ] 

30, .596 I 
169,892 

33,810 



1,334 

1,830 

854 

617 

340 

1,371 

843 

205 

1.343 

167 

117 

737 

.50 

1,803 

1,311 

975 

330 

731 

197 



% 571,666 
547,067 
378,632 
261,713 
173,.548 
647,786 
305,073 

90,185 
752,976 

53,038 

64,7.52 
.532,161) 

33,979 
1,117,208 
345,407 
610,410 
1.56,104 
461,805 
135.766 



\ 808,-388 

146,407 

1,198,219 

116,010 

2,775,120 

1,031,735 

607,580 

335,798 

1,819,479 

68,940 

300,041 

406,.593 

26,948 

729,848 

596,993 

692,740 

473.371 

644, .541 

98,331 



S 1,711,367 
1.0.5.5,508 
1,861 ..599 

.500,625 
3,28.5,721 
3,0.56,419 
1,361, .533 

4.5.5,818 
3,10.5,388 

1.55,500 

344,330 
1,391,165 
81,961 
3,826,356 
1,191,918 
1,640,317 

749,307 
1,571,945 

316,353 



(a) Does not include the value of hired property. 

(6) Includes returns classified by the Census Oflicc, as "boots and shoe \ippers" and "boots and shoes, 
factory product." 

(c) Includes returus classified by the Ccusus Othce, as ''furniture, chairs," and "furnilurc, factory 
product." 

(d) luelrtdes returns classified by the Census OfBce, as " paints," and " oil, lubricating." 

(e) Includes returns classified by the Census CMHcc, as "musical instrunu'uts, pianos and materials." 
{/) Includes returns classified by the Ceusus Office, as "printing and publishing, book aiul job," and 

"printing and publishing, newspapers." 

{(j) Includes returns classified by the Census Office, as " iron aud steel ; " " iron and steel, architect- 
ural ; " " iron and steel, bolls ; " " iron and steel, nails and spikes." 

(K) Includes returns classified by the Census Otlice, as "marble aiul stone work" and " monuments 
aud tomb stones." 

(J) Includes returns classified by the Ccusus Oflicc, as "lumber, jplauing mill products," "lumber 
frtun logs or bolts." 

(J-) Includes returns classified by Ihc Census Office," as " musical inslrunients and malcrials not 
specified" and "musical instruments, organs and materials." 

Banking. The industrial development of any city is largely depend- 
ent upon the character aud operations of its financial institutions. 
Baltimore banks are thoroutchly in accordance with the growth and 
Tirogress of the city and offer abundant facilities for mercantile trans- 
actions. The aggregate loans and discounts of the several national banks 
have increased nearly one hundred per cent, within a period of twenty 
years. The operations of State banks, banking and trust companies, 
contribute to make the result even more remarkable; and the wisdom 
and fidelity with which these institutions are managed is shown by the 



MANUFACTURES. 



34?> 



fact that no chartered bank lias failed in Baltimore within a period of 
sixty years. The development and resources of these institutions is 
indicated in the following statement of tlie operations of the national 
banks of Baltimore and of the increase in bank clearances within a term 
of years : 





Number. 


Capital. 


Surplus. 


Loans 
and Discounts. 


Deposits. 


1870 


13 

15 
19 
33 


.?10,891,985 00 
10,890,130 00 
13,313,360 00 
13,243,313 OO 


$2,679,883 57 
3,316,851 43 
4,975,346 75 
5,374,636 69 


$17,069,159 93 
23,808,488 16 
31,737,6.50 33 
31,964,550 51 


$1.3,315,291 03 


1880 


30,884,184 47 


1890 


39,748,822 45 


1893 


38,174,8.38 45 



BANK CLEARANCES. 

1880 $610,303,898 35 1890 .?753,095,193 24 

1887 6.59,346,471.55 1891 735,714,6.53 00 

1888 620,1587,739 65 1893 769,35.5,890 00 

1889 050,583,571 15 

Clothi/iff. The industrial development of Baltimore is exemplified 
in the growth of its clothing manufactures. Beginning some forty 
years ago, the trade assumed large proportions for a period, then 
suffered severely from the loss of southern and western business during 
the war, and finally entered upon a course of growth and expansion that 
has continued uninterrupted to the present day. The census of 1890 
returned one hundred and twenty-five establishments engaged in whole- 
sale manufacture, at least forty of which are organized for production 
upon a large scale. The products vary in character from the highest 
grades of merchant clothing, to the cheapest and plainest wares. 
Distribution is general, though the chief makets are in the south and 
southwest. 

Canned Goods. All the world over Baltimore is famed as a great 
centre for the canning of oysters and the packing and preserving of 
vegetables and fruits. Some of the largest establishments in the country 
are located here and Baltimore brands command a wide market. The 
local oyster pack in 1892 aggregated five and one-half million bushels, 
although as a result of superior distributive facilities, almost the entire 
product of Chesapeake Bay is marketed here. Crisfield, Cambridge, 
Oxford, St. Michael's and Annapolis follow Baltimore in about the order 
named, as important oyster canning centres. During the summer months 
most of the canning establishments engage in vegetable and fruit 
packing. Immense quantities of corn, tomatoes and green peas, drawn 
largely from adjacent counties and the Eastern Shore, are so consumed, 
berries, peaches and pine-apples, of which more than a half million 
dozen were imported in 1892, form the favorite fruits. Distribution, as 



344 MARYLAND. 

before stated, is very general,- reacliing tlirougliout this country, and 
into every quarter of the globe. The packing industry has also made 
Baltimore an important centre for the manufacture of tin caiis, about 
fifty million pieces being annually produced. 

Tobacco. The proximity to Virginia, North Carolina and the tireat 
tobacco regions of the country, together with a large domestic produc- 
tion, has made Baltimore a leading centre for manufactured tobacco. In 
smoking tobacco, its production exceeds that of any other city in the 
United States, and it is a large producer of cigars and cigarettes. Distri- 
bution is largely in the Western and Northwestern states, and throughout 
the South. The extent of the industry is shown in the following statistics 
for the year ending December, 1892: 

Number of Cigar Factories in district ... 808 

" Tobacco Factories in district - 34 

" Snuff Factories in district 6 

Pounds of Tobacco manufactured 1»,872,370 

" " .Snuff manufactured 1,759,848 

" " Fine Cut mauuf.ictured 533,041 

" " I^eaf worked for cigars 3,073,370 

Leaf worlied for Cigarettes 158,83:3 

" Cigars manufactured 10i),046,91(j 

" Cigarettes manufactured :il,743,976 

" Pounds of Sumatra Leaf imjiortcd at the rate 

of $3.00 per pound r,l,40(! 

" Pounds Havana T^eaf imported at tlie rate of 

;W cents per pound 349,308 

'• Pounds Leaf Tobacco exjjorted . ... .54,300,880 

Stems Tob.ncco exportcil 10,008,034 

Iron Foundries. Under the head of foundries and machine shops 
are classed a large number of extensive establishments engaged in the 
manufacture of structural iron, heating apparatus, macliine tools, stoves, 
elevators, guns, power-transmission machinery, steam engines and safes. 
Tlie operations of these firms extend over a wide territory, and their 
products eujoy a high reputation. One firm makes a specialty of heating 
apparatus and gas works, and has erected wholly or in part, gas plants 
in New York, Chicago, Brooklyn, St. Paul, Norfolk, Rochester, as well as 
in Cuba and South America. A second is extensively engaged in the 
uranufacture of special machinery, and possesses unusual facilities for 
the manufacture of machine-moulded gearing. A third devotes particu- 
lar attention to elevators and hoisting machinery, and a fourth to safes 
and vaults. .Many other firms are engaged in the general manufacture of 
ornamental and other iron work for architectural purposes, and in the 
preparation of special machinery. Baltimore has been the pioneer in 
the manufacture of the loom for weaving cotton duck, to which her 
reputation for the superiority of cotton products is largely due. Other 



MANUFACTURES. 345 

important forms of macliinery have been devised and developed here, 
notably the linotype machine. 

Fertilizers. Baltimore is in advance of all American cities in the 
manufacture of fertilizers. In 1832 the first guano was imported from 
Peru for local use; soon after the manufacture of a fertilizer from 
crushed bone was begun, the iiroduct being sold to farmers of the adjacent 
counties. Maryland furnishes a great amount of burnt lime for agricul- 
tural purposes ; its soil also contains large deposits of marl. But most 
of the raw materials used in this manufacture come from external 
sources. The i)hosphate rock from South Carolina is the most important 
source of phosphoric acid. The necessary nitrogen or ammonia is 
derived from tankage, ground-crackling and similar refuse from the 
great slaughter houses of the West, other sources being bones, fish 
scraps and bone black. Large quantities of natural guano are brought 
to Baltimore from the great deposits at Navassa Island. The potash 
used in fertilizers is obtained almost entirely from Europe, its most 
important source being the mineral kainite, largely imported from 
Germany. 

Ship-Building. In the earlier years of the century Baltimore was 
renowned for her ship-yards, and " Baltimore clippers " were famed all 
over the world. As the sailing vessels were replaced to a great extent by 
steamers, iron taking the place of wood in the construction, this industry 
for a while declined; but she is now rapidly regaining her position as a 
ship-building centre. During the past year, sixty-one vessels of an 
aggregate net tonnage of 17,277 tons were launched from local 
ship-yards. The largest establishment is located on a tract of land 
adjoining Fort McHenry. The two steam ferry boats, Robert Garrett 
and Erastus Wiman, plying between New York and Staten Island, and 
the new ice boat Annapolis represent tlie work of this establishment. 
The United States gunboat Petrel was turned out in 1889, and in the 
following year the oil-tank steamer Maverick was completed, the first 
vessel of the kind l>uilt on this side of the Atlantic. The United States 
cruisers Detroit and Montgomery are the most important products of the 
establishment. The activity of tlie Marine Department of the Maryland 
Steel Company is described in another place. A number of other ship- 
yards for construction and repair work are in successful operation. 

Flour Mills. Baltimore flour mills are among the jnost productive 
on the Atlantic seaboard. Six large mills are in operation, two of which 
are in the city, and four in suburban towns. Although some of these 
date from almost the foundation of Baltimore, the modern process of 
crushing and sifting, known as the roller system, has been introduced, 
and flour of the highest grade is turned out. The local supply of wheat 
is drawn from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and 



34(5 MARYLAND. 

Delaware, and tlie output is UKed for home consumption, for export to 
Brazil and tlie West Indies, and for distribution throughout tlie South. 
The mills combined have a daily capacity of nearly three thousand 
barrels. Baltimore enjoys peculiar advantages as a milling centre. Not 
only is Maryland and Virginia wlieat rich in all properties necessary for 
producing flour of the highest grade, but the immense volume of grain 
poured in from the West permits the choice of the finest varieties from 
every wheat-growing State. 

Liquors. A number of breweries are in active operation, which not 
only provide for the home consumption, but supply a wide external 
market. Baltimore beer may now be found in all sections of the country, 
and it is estimated that the trade is increasing at the rate of about ten 
per cent, per annum. The flom-ishing condition of the industry, and the 
possibility of its further extension, have in the last few years attracted 
foreign capital, and large investments liave been made. Several entirely 
new plants of model design and equipment have been recently erected. 
A number of distilleries are also operated, the product selling largely in 
the South and the Southwest, as well as at home ; and this industry has 
considerably increased in the last few years. 

Lumber. Eailroads and steamship lines bring aimually to Baltimore 
large rpiantities of woods from the West and South; hard woods and 
wMte pines from West Virginia, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arkansas, Indiana 
and Ohio ; yellow pine from Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and 
Pennsylvania. The total receipts for local consumption aggregated in 
1892 about ninety million feet. The value of timber exported during 
the fiscal year 1S91-1892 was $1,467,970. Some twenty-five wholesale 
and thirty retail dealers are engaged in the trade, together with fifteen 
mftnufacturers of packing boxes, and eleven planing mills, sash, door and 
blind factories. The activity of all these establishments has been 
stimulated by the great increase in building during the past few years. 
The larger manufacturers and wholesale dealers control independent 
mills in the South and West, from which direct shipments are made. 

Furniture. Every C( )ncei vable variety of furniture, from the simplest 
office-fixture to the most elaborate drawing-room etpiipment, is manu- 
factured in Baltimore. The expansion of this industry is due partly to 
the natural location of the city and the cheapness of raw materials, 
partly to the efficiency of the labor supply. I>arge quantities of oak, maple, 
walnut, poplar, pine, ash, cherry, rosewood and mahogany are annually 
consumed. These supplies are drawn from the West, and to an increasing 
extent from the South. Distribution takes place over a wide area.. Of 
the middling and cheaper grades, the South takes the largest quantity, 
while the higher grades are sent to every part of the country. The 
home demand for expensive goods in mahogany and rosewood forms a 



MANUFACTURES. 347 

considerable item, while the remaining proportion of hardwoods is 
consumed largely in the adjacent States. 

Drugs. In this line of business Baltimore is the leading market of 
the South, both for manufacture and distribution. Raw chemicals, such 
as muriatic, nitric and sulphuric acids, sulphate of ammonia, saltpetre 
and bichromate of potash, are extensively produced. A great part of the 
output is used in the home market in the manufacture of fertilizers and 
drugs; the remainder is taken by the Southern and Middle States. A 
large market has also been created for patent or proprietary medicines 
of local manufacture. 

Brass Casting. Brass founding and finishing forms one of Balti- 
more's most successful industries. The goods produced are of two 
general classes, the first consisting of steam, water and gas fixtures and 
plumber's supplies; the second, of church bells and ohiines. The long 
establishment and successful operation of this industry has created a 
supply of skilled and intelligent labor. Particularly in the production 
of church bells has Baltimore attained prominence. One of the works 
covers six acres of ground, and is, probably, the largest establishment of 
its kind in the world. The peal of Baltiniore bells may be heard in 
places as far removed as China, Burmah, India, Japan, Liberia, Turkey, 
Egypt, Brazil, Cuba, Ja,maica, England, Bulgaria, Afexico, throughout 
Canada and the British Provinces, and in every State of the Union. 

Shoes. The shoe and leather interests of Baltimore fall naturally 
into two classes, distributive or jobbing establishments and productive or 
maimfacturing industries. As a distributing centre for boots and shoes, 
this is one of the largest and closest markets in the country. The 
sources of supply are New England, home manufactures and to a slight 
extent. New York and Pennsylvania. Sales are made largely in the 
South. A review of the market for the five years ending in 1891 shows 
an increased distribution of thirty per cent.; this, in face of growing 
competition and erection of new factories in all parts of the country. 

Copper Refining. For many years Baltimore has been the leading 
centre in the United States for copper refining. Inexhaustible mines in 
Arizona and Montana are controlled and managed by local interests, and 
their entire product is shipped to Baltimore either for treatment in the 
extensive works located at Canton or for shipment abroad. The principal 
business of the works at Canton is the refining of the ore destined for 
consumption in this country. This is brought direct from the smelter in 
Montana to the reducing plant — twenty-five hundred miles by rail — in 
bulk, without transfer, in the form of matte of sixty per cent, copper, 
and is here treated in reverberatory furnaces, converted into refined ingot 
copper, and sold for use in every State in the Union. It goes into all 
forms of brass and bronze castings. In 1891, over thirty-two million 



348 MARYLAND. 

pounds of this reflued copper, known the world over as the "Baltimore 
Brand," were turned out. Besides the pure copper, a largo quantity of 
copper sulphate or blue vitriol is produced, the sulphuric aoid used in 
the manufacture being also made here. 

Bricks and Tiles. This industry has already been spoken of under 
the subject of Clay, in the chapter treating of mineral products. Balti- 
more pressed bricks have for many years enjoyed high reputation, and 
shipments are now made to every part of the country. The Baltimore 
clays are also suitable for terra cotta and roofing tile manufactures. 
Large plants equipped with improved machinery produce a superior 
article for roofing purposes, and supply points throughout the north, 
west and south. Finer goods designed for house decoration rival the 
imported ware in both elegance of design and in perfection of finish. 

Potteries. There are in Baltimore five potteries, with twenty or 
more large kilns, employing about seven hundred and fifty men and 
women in making and decorating their wares. Baltimore products have 
attained a high reputation for artistic design and superior workmanship 
throughout the United States. Local clays are sufficiently fine and free 
from iron to be suited for the manufacture of the coarser grades of 
stoneware and pottery, while the three requsites for porcelain manufac- 
ture, flint (vein quartz), feldspar, and a fine clay, all occur in excellent 
quality within the limits of Maryland and the adjoining portions of 
Pennsylvania and Delaware. Flint is largely quarried in Harford, 
Carroll and Howard counties; a useful soda feldspar is obtained near 
Rising Sun, Cecil county, and the best potash feldspar from Brandywine 
Summit, Delaware county, Pennsylvania. A few of the finer china clays 
come from Cornwall, England. Maryland coal is also unsurpassed for 
firing pottery kilns. 

Straw Hats. Baltimore has been identified with the manufacture of 
hats for more than a century. Down to the outbreak of the civil war, the 
city was a leading centre in the production of fur hats, and though there 
was a considerable falling off in this industry at the time, the close of 
the war was followed by the rise of a new enterprise — the manufacture 
of straw hats ; and the younger industry soon exceeded the older, both in 
number of establishments and amount of production: Baltimore has 
continued to enlarge and increase this trade, and is at present the leading 
city in the United States in the manufacture of the best class of straw 
hats. Nine manufacturing establishments are in active operation, with 
an aggregate capital of about six hundred tliousand dollars. They give 
employment to about five hundred skilled male and seven hundred and 
fifty female operatives, and the annual product is estimated at upwards 
of three million dollars. 



MANUFACTURES. 349 

Cotton Dxick. Baltimore is the largest manufacturing centre of 
cotton duck in the world, turning out about two-thirds of the entire 
amount produced in the United States. The village of Woodberry has 
been built up largely through this industry, and is its chief site. In 
addition to local plants, two or three more distant mills contribute to the 
Baltimore trade. The annual product aggregates some two million yards, 
giving employment to about five hundred people. Large quantities of 
yarn and twine are also produced. These goods are in demand in every 
quarter of the world. 

SJiirts and Overalls. In the manufacture of shirts, drawers, overalls 
and white goods in general, Baltimore is probably the most important 
centre in the country. The industry has largely developed from modest 
beginnings and attained importance by the excellence of its products. 
One extensive establishment is devoted exclusively to the manufacture 
of night-shirts. A number of factories are engaged in the production of 
shirts and overalls and in the manufacture of drawers and cotton goods. 

Confectionery. Baltimore confectionery has a wide reputation for 
purity and superiority of composition. Most of the establishments so 
engaged conduct in addition, a flourishing distributive trade in Mediter- 
ranean and West Indian imports. It is estimated that the total volume 
of business annually transacted in both of these lines aggregates some 
five million dollars. 

Other Industries. An immense jobbing trade in dry goods and 
notions is transacted by Baltimore establishments, largely with northern 
and adjacent States. Heavy importations are made, and the volume of 
business transacted in 1892 was estimated as exceeding thirty-five 
million dollars. Much of the stone, marble, granite and slate quarried 
in Maryland is made up or marketed in Baltimore. As the mineral 
resources of the State are being more fully developed, this industry is 
steadily increasing, and local marbles more generally used. Crockery 
and queensware are handled by a number of long-established firms. 
Supplies are largely imported, and Baltimore possesses great advantages 
as a port of entry for merchandise of this kind. Baltimore pianos and 
musical instruments in general, are widely and favorably known. One 
establishment employs some seven hundred men in the manufacture of 
pianos, famous for their delicacy and excellence. The dediands of local 
boot and shoe factories have stimulated a large trade in leather; heavy 
shipments are also made to northern and eastern markets. Extensive 
tanneries in Maryland and Virginia are controlled by the larger dealers. 
Paints and oils are largely produced and distributed. Well-known 
brands of ready-mixed paints are prepared here, and the closely allied 
goods, window glass and paint brushes, are successfully manufactured. 
Baltimore is the leading distributing point of hardware and tinware 



350 MARYLAND. 

throughout the South. House furnishiug goods are also manufactured. 
The supply of wooden and willow-ware is now almost entirely provided 
by local factories instead of being drawn as hitherto from the Eastern 
states. The oldest lithographic establishment in the United States has 
its parent plant in Baltimore. Several establishments are now in opera- 
tion, producing work of the highest grade. Baltimore contributes more 
than one-half of the entire production of curled hair in the United 
States, and continues to increase her output in this direction. The city 
is also an important point of distribution for millinery throughout the 
South and West. 

Although the industrial activity of Baltimore is largely concentrated, 
flourishing manufactures are in operation in such suburban towns as 
Wetheredsville, Alberton, Granite, Laurel, Pha^ni.\' and Mount Washing- 
ton, and the present tendency seems towards tlie more general location 
of manufacturing establishments in the outskirts of the city. 

82}afrow's Point. The great works of the Maryland Steel Company 
at Sparrow's Point, on the north branch of the J-'atapsco, have been 
already described in the chapter on Mines and Minerals. 

Curtis Bap. An active industrial settlement has sprung up at Curtis 
Bay, on the north side of the Patapsco River, a few miles below the city. 
It embraces about fifteen hundred acres of land with an extensive water 
front. The water has an average depth of twenty-five feet, permitting 
vessels of large draught to discharge their cargoes in bulk. Important 
and varied industries, either established by local capital or attracted 
from without by the natural advantages and enterprising management of 
the place, have led to an extraordinary development within the last few 
years. A large sugar refinery has been erected, and is expected to bring 
back to Baltimore its early prestige in this industry. P^xtensive car 
works are in operation, employing some five hundred men and turning 
out fifteen new freight cars daily. Nut and bolt factories, an iron 
foimdry, machine shops and a barrel factory are also in operation. A 
large rolling-mill is in process of erection. Several hundred neat and 
substantial brick houses have been erected to ineet the demands of the 
growing population, while churches and schools give the locality all the 
best character;} sties of a flourishing industrial centre. The Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad has, by means of a branch line, a tidewater terminus 
at Curtis Bay, thus securing direct connection with the railroads of the 
county. The settlement is also connected with Baltimore by an electric 
railway. 

Canton. Canton is the oldest and one of the most important 
industrial sections of the city, the corporation to which its present 
development is due, having been chartered in 1828. The property 
includes about twenty-three hundred acres of land, with an estimated 



MANUFACTURES. 351 

water front of thirty-two thousand feet and a water depth varying from 
sixteen to twenty-eight feet. It is divided by graded and paved streets 
into lots suitable for manufacturing and building purposes. The tide- 
water terminals of the Nortliern Central Railway, comprising elevators, 
piers and docks, are located here, securing immediate connection with 
the entire Pennsylvania system. Canton is also traversed by the tracks 
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; the Baltimore and Lehigh and the 
Western Maryland Railroads have access to the property. The industries 
located here are numerous and varied, including many of those to which 
reference has already been made. It is in particular the centre of the 
oyster canning and fruit packing trade, and is the seat of the extensive 
copper refineries and pottery works already described. Saw and planing 
mills, iron foundries, brick yards, chemical works, fertilizer manufactories 
and distilleries are in successful operation. It has been said that one of 
the most striking industrial advantages of Baltimore consists in the 
admirable sites it offers for manufacturing purposes. Nowhere is this 
better seen than in Canton. A large amount of property is here available 
for industrial enterprise, possessing extensive water frontage and ample 
railroad facilities. 

Woodberry. Woodberry is a busy manufacturing section in the north 
of the city, at the base of Prospect Hill, Druid Hill Park. It is the 
chief site of the manufacture of cotton duck, of which, as before stated, 
Baltimore is the largest single producing centre in the world. Extensive 
iron foundries and machine shops are also located here, covering in all 
some ten acres of ground. The loom for weaving cotton duck, the 
turbine water-wheel and cable railway machinery have been developed 
here. At present from four to five hundred skilled workmen are engaged 
in the manufacture of all varieties of special machinery. The Northern 
Central Railway passes directly through the settlement. 

COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS. 

The important commercial organizations of Baltimore are as follows : 
Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce. 
Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, Hopkins Place and German 

street. 
Corn and Flour Exchange, Chamber of Commerce. 
Produce Exchange, 105 South street. 
Provision Exchange, Chamber of Commerce. 
Builders' Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. 
Canned Goods' Exchange, 413 Water street. 
Brick Manufacturers' Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. 
Lumber Exchange, 19 West Saratoga street. 
Real Estate Exchange, 203 East Fayette street. 



352 MARYLAND. 

Coal Excliange, 18 West Saratoga street. 

Brewer's Exchange, North and Lexington streets. 

Tobacco Board of Trade, 419 Excliange Place. 

Shoe and Leather Board of Trade, Hopkins Place and German street. 

Fnrniture Board of Trade, 110 East Lexington street. 

Taxpayers' Association, 203 East Fayette street. 

Old Town Merchants' and Mannfacturers' Association, Gay and Exeter 

streets. 
West Baltimore Business Men's Association, 208 St. Panl street. 
Soutkwest Baltimore Bnsiness Men's Association, 110 St. Panl street. 
East Baltimore Bnsiness Men's Association. 
Stock Exchange, German near South street. 

CUMBERLAND. 

Cumberland has been frequently alluded to as the "Pittsburgh of 
Maryland." It would certainly be difficult to find a city more favorably 
situated for manufacturing purposes. Within easy distance are moun- 
tains full of the richest red and brown hematite ores. Alleghany county, 
of wliich Cumberland is the county seat, contains a fourteen-foot vein of 
bituminous coal, the quantity of which is almost inexhaustible. It can 
be delivered in Cumberland at a dollar and fifteen cents per ton. The 
smaller veins of this coal malve excellent coke. Just across the river in 
West Virginia is found the gas-coal, and along the borders of Penn- 
sylvania is the bituminous coal, so that the worker in metal is enabled 
to furnish to all pTirchasers any quantity of iron, from the ingot to the 
finished tool steel. The Cambria Iron Company have a branch mill in 
this city, employing two hundred and fifty men. In addition to this are 
the Cumberland Steel and Tin Plate Company, Shafting and Machine 
Works, three foundries, one Car Spring Works, and three machine shops, 
together with the constructon and repair shops of the railroads centering 
here. Negotiations are now pending for the establishment of otlier 
works which will consume the entire output of the Cumberland Steel 
Company. 

Next in importance to Cumberland's advantages as a site for manu- 
facturing purposes, are its large lumber interests. The vast forests of soft 
and hard wood in Western Maryland and Northern West Virginia are 
largely o"\vned or controlled by home capital, which is now organizing 
and establishing mills along the lines of the railways centering at 
Cumberland. The yards and factories in active operation in the city 
consume and dispose of millions of feet of timber monthly. In the 
establishment and prosecution of the industries of this kind home 
capital has been, for the most part, engaged; there are in prosperous 
existence one wood pulp paper-mill, with a capacity of ten tons per day 



MANUFACTURES. 353 

of finished product, three large planing-mills, three building companies, 
two sash blind factories, three large lumber-yards, one cofiin factory, and 
a ntimber of other smaller concerns. 

One of the most profitable industries is that of glass-making, which 
is represented by two factories, employing a large number of hands 
engaged in turning out table and prescription ware of a high order. One 
of these companies organized in 1883 with a capital of fifteen thousand 
dollars. After having paid ninety per cent, in dividends, and having 
doubled its capacity at a cost of eighteen thousand dollars, it had, in 
1890, seventy thousand dollars over and above all liabilities, and its net 
earnings for the year 1802 amounted to over eighteen thousand dollars. 
Beside cheap fuel, Cumberland enjoys the advantage of the Medina 
sandstone, an almost pure silica, with less than one-half per cent, of 
sesquioxide of iron. 

The Cumberland Hydraulic Cement, used for building and other 
purposes, takes its name from a vein of that material which crops out in 
the very heart of the city. The production of this cement employs 
three mills, turning out a thousand barrels daily. Clay for the manu- 
facture of building brick is abundant, and four large yards are in 
operation. Outside the city are the mines and works of the Union 
Mining Company, where the celebrated Mount Savage fire brick is 
made. The immense fire-clay mines are inexhaustible. At Ellerslie a 
few miles distant, are located the Standard Savage Fire-Brick Works. 
These two corporations furnish employment to several hundreds of men. 
The city's flouring mills, of which there are three, all using the roller 
process, turn out 150,000 barrels annually. There are three distilleries 
and four breweries, the superiority of whose product is largely due to 
the pure mountain spring water that is used in the manufacture. In 
addition to these industries, Cumberland has three large tanneries six 
cigar factories, one ice factory, two bookbinderies, two marble-yards 
two soap factories, one steam laundry and six newspapers, two of which 
are dailies. 

Cumberland's industries, according to a private census taken in 
October, 1892, furnish employment to 1,043 skilled mechanics and 
laborers. It is estimated that this will be more than doubled within the 
next three years, as the extensive improvements contemplated, and now 
in process of construction, by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at the 
southern end of the city, will afl'ord employment to twelve hundred 
men. Tlie company has purchased ninety acres of land, upon which 
repair and construction shops will be erected and tracks laid to accom- 
modate three thousand cars. Three of these new tracks have recently 
been laid, and two hundred men are now actively engaged in extending 
the work. 

38 



354 MARYLAND. 

The geograpliical situation of Cumberland renders it peculiarly 
adapted for industrial development. It fronts on tlie north branch of 
the Potomac River, and is bisected by Will's Creek, the banks of which 
abound in sites for mills and factories. These natural advantages have 
been greatly enhanced by the artificial aids of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal, which forms an outlet to the sea by water, and the convergence of 
no less than seven railroads at Cumberland, affording abundant facilities 
for the shipment of products manufactured within its gates to the 
markets of the United States. 

HAGERSTOWN. 

The manufacturing industries of Hagerstown include, in all, over 
one hundred establishments, furnishing employment to an average of 
over twelve hundred and fifty mechanics. 

Of the leading industries, a few may be noted. In the manufacture 
of gloves, one factory employs an average of one hundred and fifty 
hands, almost wholly young women, producing an average of over 
$75,000 per annum, in that special line of products, the largest output 
of any factory in the country. In the manufacture of bicycles, great 
development has occurred within the last few years, two large factories, 
employing three hundred workmen, with an annual product of $250,000, 
being now engaged in the industry. One silk mill gives employment to 
one hundred and sixty operatives, and has a product yearly, of over 
$200,000. ThA-e are two knitting mills, one of underwear, employing 
one hmidred hands, with a product of $75,000, and one of hosiery, 
employing eighty hands, with a product of $70,000. One shirt factory, 
employing sixty hands, yields a product of $50,000. Another factory 
"•ives steady work to forty skilled mechanics in building pipe and cabinet 
organs, and is rapidly increasing its reputation and output. The value 
of the annual product of bricks, all used here, and falling short of the 
demand, exceeds $250,000. In the manufacture of furnitm-e, one factory 
makes extension-tables exclusively, another is general in its product. 
Together they employ over one hundred workmen and produce wares of 
over $100,000 in value. Other manufactures of wood include mills making 
wheel and carriage stock, employing over one hundred and fifty work- 
men, and handling more than $150,000 of finished products. One firm 
annually exports over $125,000 of hardwood in bulk and dimension 
lumber. One paper mill lias an annual product of twelve hundred tons 
of white paper, and sells in addition, fifteen hundred tons each year. Of 
the wholesale trade in confectionery, exceeding $100,000, more than half 
is manufactured here. The available banking capital of the city exceeds 
one and a half millions. 



MANUFACTURES. 355 

FREDERICK. 

Frederick has long enjoyed tlie reputation of being tlie county j-eat 
of the third largest agricultural county in the country. More recently 
the city has advanced rapidly in industrial progress, and now offers 
unusual advantages for the establishment of small industries. The 
population of the city is at present, in round numbers, about ten 
thousand. 

Frederick is the hoiue of the Louis McMurray Packing Company, 
the Frederick City Packing Company, the Union Knitting Mills, the 
Palmetto Fibre Company, the latter a large and very important enterprise 
engaged in the manufacture of all kinds of brushes from the Palmetto 
fibre of the Southern States; the Frederick Elevator Company, operating 
a grain elevator of fifty thousand bushels capacity, which receives and 
ships the grain raised by the farmers of the rich Frederick and Middle- 
to^n valleys; the Hygeia Ice Company, manufacturers of artificial ice 
on a large scale ; the Frederick Spoke Works, manufacturing wagon spokes 
and similar products from native hickory; a factory of straw hats, 
and numerous minor industries that contribute to the enterprise and the 
general prosperity of the county. Many of these industries were estab- 
lished in 1890 under the stimulus of the Frederick City Manufacturing 
Company. 

In the adjacent county, the point of most rapid growth and impor- 
tance at present is Brunswick, two years ago a sleepy little hamlet of 
two hundred souls, now a flourishing town of two thousand inhabitants. 
The change has been largely brouglit about by the establishment at that 
point of the large freight-distributing yards of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company. Middletown, Mechanicstown, Emmitsburg and 
Liberty are also flourishing towns, toward which the same spirit of 
enterprise has readied. The construction of a railroad through the 
Middietown valley, connecting the principal points with Frederick on 
the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio and Western Maryland Railroads, 
is now being agitated, with every prospect of eventual consummation. 
Frederick's present railroad facilities consist in a connection with the 
main line of the Western Maryland, the Frederick Division of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, which extends from Columbia, Pennsylvania, to 
Frederick, connecting at Columbia with the main line of the great 
Pennsylvania system. A short special branch of three miles also 
connects the city with the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio at 
Frederick Junction. The city is thus brought within two hours and a 
half of Baltimore, five hours of Philadelphia, and seven hours of New 
York, while all western connections are readily accessible. 



356 MARYLAND. 

OTIIKR MAN UFAC^TU KING CENTRKS. 

Annapolis. With all its historic opportunities and natural advantages, 
Annapolis has not progressed commercially as have other cities of the 
same age. Still it possesses respectable business industries. Theshipiung 
of oysters to the North and West has, for many years, been a profitable 
business. A glass factory is also in operation. A marine railway is 
located in the subiu'bs of the city, and carries on a flourishing business. 
The Farmers' National Bank and the Annapolis Savings Institution offer 
all necessary banking facilities. Four printing establishments supply 
the requirements of the public, and furnish the daily and weekly news. 
Annapolis is the terminus of two railroads, the Annapolis, Washington 
and Baltimore Railroad, and the Annapolis and ]>altimore Sliort Line. 

Cambridge. Cambridge ranks as the third largest oyster centre in 
the State. The boats engaged in the trade represent a capital of three 
hmidred and fifty thousand dollars. The annual catch aggregates four 
hundred and thirty-five thousand bushels, creating a fund of two hundred 
and eighty thousand dollars paid to four thousand men engaged in the 
business. The oysters are packed and shipped by several packing 
establishments to all parts of the country. Daily communication is 
afl'orded with Baltimore and river points by two lines of steamboats, and 
with Philadelphia and the north by the Cambridge and Seaford branch 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Cambridge also contains a large manu- 
facturing company, several lumber mills, two shirt factories, two brick 
kilns, three ship-yards and two phosphate factories. The town has a 
taxable basis of $1,800,UUU and two national banks. Besides these 
industries, Cambridge is largely engaged in the catching and shipping of 
crabs, herring, shad and other products of the water. In the season, it is 
a centre for the shipment of nmch of the farm produce of the adjacent 
country. 

Havre-de-Orace. The natural location of Havre-de-Grace, near the 
mouth of the Susquehanna river, has made it the centre of the important 
shad and herring fisheries in the vicinity. The cutting and storing of 
ice engages many of its residents during the winter months, and ducking 
is, in favorable seasons, a source of considerable revenue. A steam 
flouring mill, canning establishments, a fertilizer factory and saw and 
planing mills are in successful operation. Situated in close proximity 
to Baltimore and Philadelphia, in the midst of a ricli agricultural 
country with ample railroad facilities, Havre-de-Grace possesses many 
opportunities for industrial development. 

Easton. Vigorous efliorts have been made within the last few years 
to develop the manufactures of Easton. Healthy climate, cheap land 
and living, low rents and abundant transportation facilities, are all favor- 
able to this movement. Already manufactures of commercial fertilizers. 



MANUFACTURES. 357 

flour mills, brick and tile yards and canneries are in successful operation. 
Smaller but flourishing industries are manufactories of shirts, washing 
machines, brooms, carriages, chairs, and window sash, and a number of 
well equipped machine shops and foundries. A creamery is in flourish- 
ing condition, and a large ice factory and another packing house will be 
built this summer. Two railroads and two steamboat lines afl'ord quick 
communication with Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk. While still 
retaining its character as a county seat, Easton is fast becoming a 
manufacturing town. 

Salisbury. Salisbury, advantageously situated at the head of navi- 
gation on the Wicomico river, at the junction of the Eastern Shore and 
Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroads, is the centre of a large and valuable 
trade in lumber, having regular communication with Baltimore and 
Washington, and thence with a 11 markets East and North. It is estimated 
that the annual manufacture of planed lumber aggregates eight million 
feet, a considerable part of which is consumed by local factories in 
making peach baskets and strawberry boxes and crates. In addition 
to this, about eight million feet of Virginia boards are annually used in 
the manufacture of oil cases. The surrounding country is well adapted 
to the cultivation of berries and truck farming, and a large part of this 
product is shipped from Salisbury. Altogether the town is one of the 
most flourishing and enterprising on the Peninsula, and the annual volume 
of its business has been estimated as exceeding one million dollars. 

Chestertown. The characteristics of Chestertown as a town and 
place of residence have been described elsewhere. Kent county, of 
which it is the county seat, is one of the most productive .sections of the 
State, and upon its products the trade of the town is largely dependent. 
The advantages which Chestertown offers to industrial enterprise have, 
however, been by no means neglected. One establishment is engaged 
in the manufacture of straw board, and turns out sixteen tons of the 
completed product daily. Another manufactures peach baskets, which 
are used throughout Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey. Other indus- 
tries are canneries, a diying-house, brick-yard, creamery, ice factory, 
planing-mill, fertilizer factories, flour mill and iron foundries. The 
town enjoys excellent steamboat and railroad facilities. 

Elkton. Elkton, the county seat of Cecil county, has undergone 
marked industrial development within the last few years. The erection 
of extensive pulp mills for the manufacture of paper has of itself given 
a material impulse to its prosperity. A large plant for the manufacture 
of fertilizers, extensive machine shops and the gTowth of fruit and 
vegetable canning, indicate the importance and the industrial possi- 
bilities of the town. Its contiguity to the large manufacturing centres? 
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, and its ample facilities for 



358 MARYLAND. 

tranHportatioii by railroad or water, are highly favorable to its growtli. 
Barge and boat-yards have l)een recently established at Elk Jjauding, 
near the town. These are controlled by Pennsylvania oapitalists, and 
liavo been removed from that State on account of the greater advantages 
of Elkton. 

Port Deposit is an important point for trade in stone and granite. 
The quarries in the neighborhood give employment to some two hundred 
men. Stoves and tin cans are also manufactured. Grisfield is one of the 
great oyster centres of the State. Lai'ge quantities of fish and soft crabs 
are marketed here, and a considerable part of the produce of the 
surrounding country. ElUcott City is the site of a considerable part of 
the milling industry already described. Belair is the county seat of 
Harford county and contains a number of large canneries and other 
manufacturing establishments. Scattered throughout the State are many 
hundreds of local manufactures — oyster canneries, fruit packing estab- 
lishments, planing mills, ice factories, iron foundries, flour mills and 
ship-yards. 



CHAPTER XL 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 



CITIES. 



Maryland has always been an essentially agricultural, rather than a 
manufacturing state. Peculiar causes led to the early commercial devel- 
opment of Baltimore, and this pre-eminence has since been maintained. 
The State as a whole is accordingly characterized rather by a relatively 
large number of agricultural and tidewater settlements, than of great 
industrial centres. The population of the thirty-three cities, towns and 
villages having one thousand or more inhabitants as returned by the 
census of 1890, in the order of their rank, is as follows: 



Cities, Towns and Villages. 



Baltimore city 

(InMBERLAND (_'ITT 

TIaoerstown citt 

Fhedbrick city 

Annapolis city 

Cambridge town 

Fhostbukg town 

Havre de Grace citt. 

Easton town 

Salisbury town 

Westminster town. . . 
Chestebtown town . . 
Sparrow Point town. 

Elkton town 

Catonsville tillage. 

Laurel town... 

Port Deposit town 

Pocomoke city town . . . 

RocliTille town 

Cristield town 

Westernport village . . . 

Hyattsville town 

Eilicott City town 

Snow Hill tbiVTi 

Belair town 

Saint Michael town .... 

CentevTille town 

Williamsport town 

Northeast town 

Sharpsburg town 

Chesapeake City town . 

Oxford town 

Oakland town 



Counties. 



Allegany 

Washington 

Frederick 

Anne Arundel 

Dorchester 

Allegany 

Harford 

Talbot 

Wicomico 

Carroll 

Kent 

Baltimore 

Cecil 

Baltimore 

Prince George 

Cecil 

Worcester 

Montgomery 

Somerset 

Allegany 

Prince George 

Baltimore and Howard. 

Worcester 

Harford 

Talbot 

Queen Anne 

Washington 

Cecil 

Washington 

Cecil 

Talbot 

Garrett 



Population. 



1800. 1880 



434,439 

13,729 
10,118 
8,193 
7,604 
4,192 
3,804 
3,244 
2,939 
3,90.5 
2,903 
2,633 
2,507 
2,318 
3,115 
1,984 
1,908 
1,866 
1,568 
1,565 
1,536 
1,509 
1,488 
1,483 
1,416 
1,339 
1,309 
1,277 
1,349 
1,163 
1,1.55 
1,135 
1,046 



333,313 
10,693 
6,637 
8,659 
6,643 
3,263 



3,816 
3,005 
3,581 
3,507 
3,359 



1,7.53 

1,713 

1,300 

1,950 

1,435 

688 

986 

1,468 

288 

1,784 

1,276 



1,175 

1,196 

1,503 

988 

1,260 

1,402 

689 

910 



Inokease. 



Number. Per cent 



102,126 
2,036 
3,491 

963' 

1,930 

3,804 

438 



324 
396 
273 
3,507 
566 
403 
778 



441 

880 

579 

58 

1,221 



207 
1,416 

1.54 
113 



261 



446 
18« 



30.73 
19.04 
.53.68 

" 14.48 
85..33 

15.30 



13.55 

1.5.80 
11.57 



32.31 
23.,54 
64.51 



30.95 
127.91 

.58.72 

3.95 

423.96 



16.22 



13.11 
9.45 



26.43 



64.73 
14.95 



360 MARYLAND. 

In the following pages reference is made only to the fifteen having 
a population of two thousand or more. 

BALTIMORE. 

Baltimore, the principal city of Maryland, is .situated on the 
Patapsco river, at the head of navigation, about fourteen miles from the 
Chesapeake Bay, in 39° 17' north latitude, and 76° .'57' west longitude 
from the meridian of Greenwich. Its distance from the Atlantic by the 
Chesapeake Bay is two hundred and four miles. The nearest neighboring 
city is Wa^^hington, distant thirty-nine miles by rail. 

A small stream called Jones's Falls divides the city into east and west 
Baltimore, and empties into the Patapsco, which is here a considerable 
estuary of the Bay, and indenting the land with its middle branch and 
southwest branch, as they are called, enables vessels to ascend to the 
heart of the business quarters of the city, where the principal harbor is 
prolonged into a small interior harbor called the basin. That part of the 
city which lies south of the basin, and projects into the Patapsco into 
the form of an irregular peninsula, at the extremity of which Fort 
McHenry is built, is called South Baltimore. The entire area of tlie city 
is thirty-one and a lialf square miles. 

The land rises regularly from the water's edge northward in a series 
of undulations which, throw the whole surface of th(3 city into a succes- 
sion of gently rising hills, the sides of which slope toward tlie Patapsco 
or toward the tortuous course of the Falls. These elevations toward the 
north, northwest and northeast of the city reach a considerable height, 
commanding fine views of the city and river. I?eyond the city limits the 
same undulating and gently-rising country continues for many miles, and 
indeed to the northern boundary of the State. Tlie hill-sides, to a 
considerable extent covered with natural woodland, and sloping down to 
small dells drained by rivulets, are dotted with villas and handsome 
cottages. No city affords more varied and attractive sites for suburban 
and rural residences ; and the moderate price of land enables even 
persons of very limited means to have country homes amid scenery of 
exquisite beauty, within an hour's or even a few minutes' ride froui the 
city. 

It was the possession of its fine harbor with its extraordinarily 
extensive water front that enabled Baltimore so rapidly to outstrip her 
older colonial rivals, and to seize and keep the commercial supremacy. 
Founded, as has been related in a previous chapter, in 1730, in 1775 
Baltimore numbered 6,755 inhabitants; in 1790, 13,500; and in 1S90 
(according to the police census of that year), 455,427. Of these, 77,Oo3, or 
about one-sixth, were negroes and mulattoes. 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 361 

Government. The municipal government of Baltimore is vested in a 
Mayor, elected biennially, and a City Council of two branches. The first 
branch is composed of twenty-two members, one from each ward, elected 
annually, and the second branch of eleven members, one from every two 
wards, elected biennially. The principal departments are : A Tax 
Department, the head of which is a City Collector, with an Appeal Tax 
Court to correct and adjust assessments; a Register's ofl3.ce and a Comp- 
troller's office ; a Department of Finance, consisting of the Mayor and 
two (unsalaried) citizens of his appointment, which has charge of the 
public debt and other matters of municipal finance ; a Law Department, 
consisting of a City Counsellor, a City Solicitor, an Examiner of Titles, 
and a City Attorney, who advise the executive in legal matters, and have 
charge of municipal litigation; and a City Commissioner, who controls 
the paving, sewerage, &c. In addition there are Boards of Commissioners 
for Police, Water-Supply, Public Schools, the Harbor, Fires, Parks, &c., 
whose duties are indicated by their titles. 

City Hall. The bureaus and offices of the city government are in 
the City Hall, an imposing structure of white Maryland marble, covering 
an area of over 30,000 square feet. The archiiectural style is the Italian 
Renaissance. The design is a central mass with lateral wings, inclosing 
courts which give light to the intei-ior rooms. From the centre rises a 
dome, supported by columns resting on a marble base, and surmounted 
by a lantern and finial 236 feet from the ground. The principal approach 
is on Holliday street by a marble portico. The building occupies an 
entire block, thus presenting a fa9ade to each street, and from whatever 
point viewed the effect is pleasing and impressive. A circumstance 
connected with its erection is unusual in the history of similar public 
buildings. Not only were all the expenses of building and finishing 
covered by the original appropriation, but a balance of |228,8G5 remained 
unexpended and was returned to the City Treasury. 

Fire Department. This is controlled by a Board of Fire Commis- 
sioners of six members, with the Mayor as a member ex-officio. It is 
equipped with fifteen engine companies, nine hook-and-ladder companies, 
seven chemical engines, and a fire-boat for harbor use. The permanent 
force consists of two hundred and thirty- three men, besides fifty call- 
men, who are summoned when required. A salvage corps for the rescue 
and protection of endangered property co-operates with the fire depart- 
ment, but it is an independent organization supported by the local Board 
of Underwriters. 

Police. The police of the city is controlled by a board of commis- 
sioners of tkree members, appointed by the State Legislature. The active 
force consists of a Marshal, Deputy Marshal, with the necessary subalterns, 
and six hundred and forty patrolmen. The city is divided into seven 



362 MARYLAND. 

police districts, each with its station-house. An alarm telegraph and 
telephone system connects the whole and extends over the whole city, 
and patrol wagons can instantly be summoned in case of accident or other 
emergency. The suburban districts are patrolled by a mounted force, 
and a steam patrol boat protects the harbor. 

Water Sitpply. This has been fully described in a previous chapter. 
It will be sufficient here to recapitulate that it is derived from two 
sources — the Gunpowder river and Jones's Falls. The water is stored in 
five artificial lakes — Loch Raven and Lakes Montebello and Clifton for 
the Gunpowder system, and Lake Roland and Druid Lake with the 
Hampden Higli Service, and Mount Royal reservoir for the Jones's Falls 
system. These with the conduits and distributing mains have an aggre- 
gate storage capacity of about 3,000,000,000 gallons, and a daily supfJly 
capacity of 165,000,000 gallons. 

HealtJi Department. The chief executive officer of this department 
is the Commissioner of Health, appointed annually by the Mayor, and 
invested with powei-s to deal with everything that concerns or imperils 
the health of the city. In connection with this department is the city 
morgue, at the foot of President street. 

Courts. The courts of Baltimore have been described elsewhere. 
The courthouses are three ancient structures on Calvert and St. Paul 
streets, south of Lexington; but as these are about to be superseded by a 
fine modern structure, suitable to the needs of the city, we shall not 
occupy our space with the description of obsolete relics that have out- 
lived their usefulness and will soon disappear. 

Post-office. This is a new and handsome building, erected by the 
federal government and completed in 1890. It occupies a large part of 
the block between Lexington and Fayette streets, immediately west of 
the City Hall. It is built of Maine granite, and the design is a hollow 
parallelogram, the facade being broken by a centre position flanked by 
two towers. The basement is used for the reception and storage of mail 
matter. The proper work of the post-office occupies the first floor, while 
on the second floor are located the offices of various federal officials. 
The third floor is occupied by the federal courts. 

Custom House. The Collector of Customs, with his staft", has for 
many years been housed in the old Merchants' Exchange building at the 
corner of Gay and Lombard streets. It is entirely inadequate to the 
needs of the city, and very ugly ; and it is to be hoped that before long 
it will be replaced by a. more creditable structure. 

Parks. There is nothing of which Ealtimoreans have juster reason 
to be proud than of their beautiful parks and public squares. The 
largest of these, Druid Hill Park, to tlie north-west of the city, contains 
700 acres, and had been, before its purchase by the city, the country seat 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 363 

of a family wliose good taste had, for generations, preserved its natural 
beauties. In these it probably stands alone among American city parks. 
The diversity of hill and dale, deep woodlands threaded by winding 
paths, dense thickets, the coverts of deer, bright stretches and slopes of 
green sward, crystal streams and springs, lakes and ponds, present 
pictures of exquisite beauty, changing at every moment. 

The city has carefully preserved these natural beauties, and enhanced 
them by judicious treatment. Drives, bridle-paths and foot-paths, enable 
the thousands who visit it daily to enjoy all its charms, whether their 
tastes lead them to mingle with the lively throngs always to be found in 
the vicinity of the " Mansion House " or the lake, or to seek the 
meditative solitude and silence of the woods. Lines of cars convey 
visitors to it from every part of the city, and it is a favorite resort of all 
classes of society. 

The Earl of Meath, who visited this country in 1890, and devoted 
esfiecial attention to the parks of American cities, published an article 
on the subject in the New Review (Vol. II), in which he says that "as a 
lovely specimen of the forest park, Druid Hill was the finest among 
those that I visited in the United States." 

The main entrance is on Madison avenue. To the right is Druid 
Lake, with a driveway of a mile and a-lialf running around it. In other 
parts are lakes and ponds for boating and skating and for the propagation 
of fish. In a special inclosed pond are a pair of sea lions. Groves are 
arranged with shelters for picnics and with playgrounds for children, and 
there are grounds kept in order for base ball, tennis and other outdoor 
sports. Near these are the public buildings — the Mansion House, with 
spacious verandas, dining and lunch-rooms, and the Maryland House, 
transported from the Centennial Exposition of 1876, with collections 
illustrating the fauna and other natural productions of the State. Near 
these buildings is a small zoological collection and an aviary. 

A fine herd of deer roam at large in the woods, a flock of Southdown 
sheeji pasture in the fields under charge of a shepherd in authentic 
costume, and a stable and a paddock are allotted to a pair of dromedaries 
of the finest breed, presented by the King of Italy to the late Jolin W. 
Garrett. The park is supported by a tax of nine per cent, on the gross 
receipts of the street car companies. 

If Druid Hill illustrates the forest park, a handsome specimen of the 
artificial, or garden park, is presented by Patterson Park, a favorite resort 
of the inhabitants of the eastern section of the city. This is entered from 
the avenue of the same name by an imposing marble gateway, on pass- 
ing which the visitor's attention is arrested by a large fountain with a 
basin fifty feet in diameter. In all directions lie beds of flowers and 
shrubs, presenting a charming picture. A conservatory contains a fine 



3^^ " MARYLAND. 

collection of rare and exotic plants, palms, etc., and a lake in the south- 
east corner is usually gay with small boats. In this park may still be 
seen a part of the earthworks thrown up by the citizens in 1814, when 
]>altiniore was threatened by the British forces, as related in the first 
chapter of this work. 

On that part of the peninsula before described which lies l)eyond 
and to the south of the basin, is Federal Hill Park, an elevated plateau, 
eighty-five feet above the water. On this plateau, during the late war, 
rather formidable earth-works were constructed by the federal forces, and 
mounted with heavy guns directed upon the city, which it overlooks. It 
was, fortunately, never thought necessary to use them; and after the 
restoration of peace, " grim-visaged war smoothed his wrinkled front" in 
this particular locality, the ramparts were levelled, and the surface 
adorned with trees, shrubs and flower-beds. The crest of the plateau 
commands an interesting view of the city and harbor. 

South of this plateau is Riverside Park, overlooking the Patapsco 
river, the fort and the bay as far as North Point. In Northwest Balti- 
more is Harlem Park, distinguished for the beauty of its gardening. 

Squares. The squares, or ornamented spaces in the residence 
sections of the city, are too numerous, to describe in a work like this. 
We may single out for mention the largest and most beautiful, Eutaw 
Place, a series of squares extending from Lanvale street to North 
avenue, laid out in grass and flower-beds, diversified by shrubbery and 
fountains. Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place are the four 
squares at the base of the Washington Monument. They are adorned 
with flowers, trees and fountains. The visitor's eye is especially attracted 
by the beautiful bronze statuary, which are the chief ornaments of these 
squares. A colossal lion by Barye, four allegorical groups by the same 
master, and a noble figaire by Dubois, representing a youthful warrior in 
Gaulish costume, seated and leaning upon his sword, entitled " Military 
Courage," adorn the western square, and are the gift of W. T. Walters, 
Esq. The northern square has a statue of Chief Justice Roger Brooke 
Taney, and the eastern one of George Peabody, both of heroic size. 
Fronting on the square are the Mt. Vernon Church, the Peabody Institute 
and many tasteful private residences. 

Munuments. Baltimore is often called "the Monumental City"; 
but this designation arose not so much from the number of its monu- 
ments, as from the fact that it was the first city in America that could 
boast a worthy monument to Washington. The Washington Monument, 
erected by the State of Maryland, and finished in 1829, is a Doric column 
of white Maryland marble, 164 feet in height, rising from a marble base 
50 feet square and 24 feet high, and surmounted by a statue 16 feet in 
height, representing Washington in the act of resigning his commission. 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 365 

A winding staircase in the interior leads to the plinth, which is guarded 
by a parapet, and from it an extensive view can be had of the city, 
harbor and- surrounding country. 

Battle Monument, in Monument Square, commemorates the Balti- 
moreans who fell in defense of the city at the battle of North Point 
September 12, 1814. ' 

In the grounds of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum stands a slender 
shaft, of brick, covered with stucco, which is interesting as the first 
monument raised in the New World to the memory of Christopher 
Columbus. It was erected in 1792 by the Chevalier d'Anmour, the Frencli 
consul; and for thirty years was the only monument to the great navi- 
gator in the hemisphere which he discovered. One hundred years after 
its erection, a statue of Columbus, presented by the Italian residents of 
Baltimore, was unveiled in Druid Hill Park. 

Other monumental memorials are the Wells and McComa.s monument, 
the Wildey monument, the Wallace statue, in Druid Hill Park, and the 
cippus which marks the grave of Edgar Allan Poe. 

Besidences. The domestic architecture of Baltimore is character- 
ized ratlier by substantiality and comfort than by show and splendor. 
Few, if any private houses are of the style which reporters call "palatial." 
Nearly all the residences are of brick, ornamented, in those of the better 
class, with string courses, lintels, and oth^r trimmings of marble or 
sandstone of various hues. Of late years there has been a decided 
tendency to improve the domestic architecture by introducing novel 
designs and variety of building materials. Sandstone of various tints, 
from a deep maroon to a bright russet, marble, gneiss, fine gray freestone' 
green serpentine, bricks of different colors, diversify the streets with a 
pleasing polychromatic effect. 

In some sections of the city the visitor is surprised by the great 
number of small but decent houses, inhabited for the most part by 
workmen with their families. Baltimore has never taken kindly to 
tenement-houses and lodging-houses; and the cheapness of rents enables 
nearly every married workingman to have a home of his own; so that 
Baltimore is emphatically a city of homes. When we consider tlie 
advantages to the health, comfort, independence and morality of the 
workingman that gather around his "ain fireside," we can cheerfully 
accept the loss of architectural display. 

Clubs. The inveterate domesticity of Baltimoreans has probably 
been the cause that the clubs are less numerous than would be expected 
from the size of the city, though of late years there has been some 
change in this respect. The Maryland Club, founded in 1857, is tiie 
oldest and most important, and has recently removed to a stately new 
building of white marble, at the corner of Charles and Eager streets 



366 MARYLAND. 

which is one of the most ornamental buildings in the city. Tn addition, 
there are the IJaltimoro Club, the Athenfeum Club, the University Club, 
the Germania and the Phoenix clubs, besides others of less numerous 
membership. 

The IMasonic lodges have temporary quarters in the former United 
States court house on Fayette street, pending the rebuilding of their 
temple on Charles street, destroyed by fire a few years ago. The Order 
of Odd Fellows have recently built a fine hall at the corner of Saratoga 
and Cathedral streets. 

Other institutions of Baltimore, as well as its commerce and manu- 
factures, are treated under their appropriate lieads. 

The medial position of Baltimore, exempting it from the excessive 
rigors of winter and the exhausting heats of summer, contributes largely 
to making it one of the healthiest of American cities. According to the 
police census of 1890 the population of that year was 455,427, and the 
total mortality of the same year was 10,198, giving a total death-rate of 
22.41 per thousand. The white mortality was 8,057, out of a white 
pojiulatiou of 384,394, or a death-rate of 20.98; and the colored mortality 
2,141 out of a population of 71,033, or a death-rate of 30. 15. 

ANNAPOLIS. 

The most interesting survival of ^Maryland's past is her ancient 
capital, Armapolis. Two and a-half centuries have rolled away full of 
the most surprising changes, and yet tliis relic of Old Maryland is as full 
of interest to-day as ever in her long history. 

Tliirteen years after the establishment of the proprietary government 
at St. ]*Iary's in the year 1647, an invitation was extended by Governor 
Stone to a colony of non-conformist Puritans settled in the lower counties 
of Virginia, and much discxuieted by the authorities of that colony, to 
enjoy perfect religious freedom within the borders of Maryland. For a 
year they hesitated, but fresh persecutions were upon them, and the offer 
was accepted. During the early spring and summer of 1649 the emigra- 
tion continued from Virginia. Thankful for their preservation and 
happy at finding a liome where peace and security were guaranteed them, 
the Puritans named their new settlement " Providence." At first a long 
stretch of plantations along the shores of the bay and its tributaries, the 
Puritan settlement could not be protected from the «Indian marauders 
that nightly threatened, and gradually we mark the tendency to central- 
ize upon one spot at the mouth of the Severn, where their meeting-house 
stood. Here Anne Arundel Town, later called Annapolis, had its begin- 
ning. As the soil was fertile and well (•ultivated, this section grew to be 
the richest in the Province. 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 367 

The central situation, general prosperity and more salubrious climate 
marked this region as the best location for the seat of government, which 
was removed from St. Mary's to Anne Arundel Town by Governor Francis 
Nicholson in 1695, and the name changed to Annapolis in honor of the 
Princess Anne, afterwards Queen of England. 

In 1708 Annapolis became a chartered city, with a regular municipal 
government. King William Scliool, which had been founded in 1696, 
became the chief seat of domestic education. From the opening of the 
century the capital increased steadily in wealth and importance, and soon 
became the social centre south of Philadelphia, and the inhabitants were 
distinguished for sociability, courtesy and refinement of manners. Races, 
balls and other festivities attracted strangers not only from adjacent coun- 
ties, but adjacent colonies. Conviviality prevailed; clubs were founded, 
and deep drinking was the rule among all classes, the clergy not excepted! 
The Tuesday Club became famous in the colonies for its wit and good 
cheer, and claimed among its members many of the leading Americans 
of the day. The quaint but voluminous records of the club give a charm- 
ing insight of the social life at Annapolis. The provincial State House 
became better known as a ball-room tlian a hall of legislation. A tlieatre 
was in full operation as early as 1745, and was the first, it is asserted, in 
tlie colonies. French hair-dressers, tailors and perfumers plied their 
trades in the little city, and excited the admiration and wonder of the 
French and English visitors. The golden ago of Annapolis lies betM^een 
1750 and 1770, when its wealth, influence and attractiveness were at the 
highest point. • 

The spirit of resistance to the arbitrary measures of England rose 
high at Annapolis. Non-importation clubs were formed, and the pres- 
ence of the convention at once cherished and moderated the patriotic 
spirit. The burning of the « Peggy Stewart," with her cargo of tea, has 
been described on an earlier page. 

It was at Annapolis that Washington resigned his commission to 
Congress, on December 23, 1783. But the Revolution concludes a chapter 
of her history, and marks the beginning of her commercial decay. In a 
few years she was entirely overshadowed, in this respect, by Baltimore 
on the Patapsco, and all her struggles to regain lier old position were in 



vain. 



In tlie second war with Great Britain, Annapolis was on the very 
verge of the battlefield, and many of her sons were upon the muster 
rolls of those who rallied to the defense of the federal capital and 
Baltimore. The little town was blockaded by the British fleet, but the 
guns of Fort Severn, manned by resolute citizens, drove the enemy 
down the bay. The historian notes but few changes in the half century 
which separates this war from the greater civil conflict. Annapolis grew 



368 MARYLAND. 

but littlo, her commerce decreased, while many of her better citizens 
moved to Baltimore and Washington. The establishment of the Naval 
Academy here in 1845, marks the beginning' of the naval regime in the 
history of Annapolis, an important factor economically and socially. 

During the Civil War, Annapolis became an army town, and tliou- 
sands of troops were quartered within her limits, while a large "parole " 
camp lay on the outskirts. So menaced was she at times that the Naval 
Academy had to be removed to Newport until hostilities had ceased. 

Since the war lier population has doubled and her material prosperity 
greatly increased, though Annapolis will probably always be noted more 
for its social opportunities and the hospitality of her citizens, than as a 
pushing business-like modern city. 

Colonial Houses. To the architect, the old houses of Annapolis 
present an interesting study, as among the purest and most complete 
examples of what is kno^m as the " Colonial Style." Of the seventeenth 
century buildings, few survive here or in the State, or at most, so 
modified as to be scarcely recognizable. Passable exceptions are the 
house at the corner of Church and Conduit streets, and the building used 
as the Treasury, on State House Hill. 

Of the class of houses termed " mansions," the Carroll house, now 
a part of the Redeniptorist seminary, is one of tlie earliest, as indicated 
by the massive simplicity of its style. A garden terraced towards the 
water was the usual adjunct of these homes, and while they bad a town- 
ward entrance the more pretentious front generally overlooked the garden 
toward the bay. Intrinsic evidence, as shown in the change from a 
somewhat primitive construction to the style of William and Mary, 
recalling the Dutch taste of Hampton Court, and then to the Georgian, 
lost in turn in the greater elegance of the French influence of Louis XV 
architecture, may be traced distinctly in Armapolis mansions. Taken in 
historical secpience we have the Tydings house; the Treasury; the 
Randall house, built 1730 by Thomas Bordley ; the Carroll mansion; the 
Brice house, corner East and Prince George streets, 1740 probably; the 
Iglehart house. Prince George street ; its opposite neighbor, the Paca 
house; the Claude house. Shipwright street, and the Ridout mansion, 
Duke of Gloucester street; the Mason house, built by Governor Ogle 
1742, and St. John's College (McDowell Hall) ; the Randall house. Market 
Space, and the house of Antony Stewart, of "Peggy Stewart" fame, 
Hanover street. The City Hotel, Washington's liostelry, belongs to an 
early period, while the Chase mansion, built by Governor IJoyd, and the 
Lockerman house opposite, built 1770, plainly show the growth of French 
influence in plan and decoration. 

In the more modern dwellings of the colonial period the hipped 
roof, similar to the French mansard, though Avithout an ornamental 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 369 

character, was almost- universal and covered many a comfortable home 
of those days. One of the houses of this character, on Charles street, is 
noted as the printing office and dwelling of flie editor of the Maryland 
Gazette, published here since 1745. Another on State House circle, the 
Franklin house, is a specimen of the hipped roof colonial dwelliuij. ' Old 
Annapolis consisted mostly of this sensible style of building, ""varied 
occasionally by the very high-pitched roof, both picturesque and suited 
to storm and sun. 

Most of these humbler dwellings have disappeared, or, by modifica- 
tion or additions, have lost all their original architectural character. 

The State House and other public buildings of Annapolis are 
described elsewhere in this volume. 

Municipal Iiistitntions. Annapolis is governed by a Mayor, Recorder 
and Aldermen, deriving authority from a charter granted in 1708, and 
since amended by the Legislature. St. John's College, four public schools, 
three parochial schools, and five private schools, provide ample educa- 
tional facilities. Protection from fire is assured by a steam fire engine, 
two volunteer hose companies, a hook and ladder company and the fire 
organization connected with the United States Naval Academy. Water 
and gas supply are in the hands of private corporations. 

CUMBERLAND. 

The location of Cumberland, the county seat of Alleghany county, 
and thn second city of Maryland in point of importance, size, manufac- 
turing interests and population, is in the northwestern part of the State, 
one himdred and seventy-eight miles, by rail, from Baltimore city. It is 
on the boundary line that separates Maryland from West Virginia— the 
Potomac River— at the intersection of Wills' Creek with the river. Its 
precise geographical position is longitude 78° 45' 25" and 39° 39' 14" north 
latitude; its altitude is seven hundred feet above sea level. The land 
upon which the city is built was originally owned by Governor Thomas 
Bladen, who disposed of it to George Mason, of Fairfax county, Va., to 
whom a grant, by letters patent, was made on the 25th of March 1756. 
In October, 1783, it was purchased by Thomas Beall, of Samuel, for 
$1,407.10. In 1785 Mr. Beall laid off the town, the county of Alleghany 
having about this time been separated from Washington county, of which 
it formed a part. In 1787 articles of incorporation were drawn up and 
presented to the Legislature, who granted the privileges asked for. 
Before this the town, which contained but thirty-five families, was 
known by the name of Washington Town. A desire on the part of the 
inhabitants for a more distinctive name was manifested, and the one 
borne at the present time was selected in commemoration of Fort 
Cumberland, which had been erected on the site by Gov. Dinwiddle of 



370 MARYLAND. 

Virgiuia, aa a defeuce agaiust the Frencli and ladiaus iii 1754, and around 
which the first houses had been built. The commanding site of old Fort 
Cumberland is at present oCcupied by Emmanuel Episcopal Church and 
some beautiful private residences, and is one of the prettiest spots in the 
State, commanding a magnificent view of the city and surrounding hills 
and valleys. In 1794 the first levy of |200 was made for the erection of 
a court-house, to be located adjoining the site of the old fort. Other 
levies were made up to 1799, when the total amount expended on its 
construction amounted to $t)12.10. On January 1, 1795, Cumberland was 
made a postofflce, established by order of the Postmaster-General, and 
with its courthouse and postofiice, became entitled to be recognized by 
the outside world as a place of local habitation. The woodsman's axe, 
border civilization and the progress of a century have cleared the way 
gradually, until there nestles in a basin at the hills and lofty mountains 
that almost completely surround it, one of the most beautifully located, 
energetic and bustling cities in the country. 

The business portion of Cumberland is built on the flats, banked on 
the south and west by the north branch of the Potomac river and Wills" 
creek, while on the rising ground on the east, north and west side are the 
residence jiortions. Handsome private buildings mark the homes of its 
citizens along broad and shady streets, while the towei'ing verdure-clad 
slopes of Wills' mountain form a background to a noble panoramic view. 
The city has a breathing place in " Narrows Park," out on the National 
road, the substantial construction of which by the United States govern- 
ment before the days of the locomotive, makes it the chief of all 
promenades and carriage-ways. This popular road winds through an 
immense cleft in the mountain, known as the '' Narrows," whose rocky 
sides stretch perpendicularly a thousand feet on either side, leaving a 
chasm a little over a hundred yards wide, through which roll the waters 
of Will's Creek. Flanked on both sides by railroads and the National 
highway, it is a veritable gateway from the north entrance into the city. 
A short distance from the Narrows entrance is the park. Across a little 
valley from that place are situated the base-ball and athletic grounds, and 
two miles further west is the Alleghany Grove camp ground, filled with 
neat cottages. At the southern end of the city lie the Tri-State Exposition 
grounds — embracing a large enclosure, in which is an excellent half-mile 
regulation track, numerous stables for horses, a grand stand for spectators 
and large halls and exposition buildings. Those points of interest in the 
suburbs are reached from all points of the city by six miles of electric 
street railway operated by the trolley system. Among other points 
outside of Cumberland well worth visiting are the coal mines, to which 
four different routes by rail are at the choice of the tourist. An hour's 
ride, on any of them, will place him at the mouth of one of the large 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 371 

mines that have so greatly contributed to Cumberland's prosperity. In 
the city itself, which has a population of fourteen thousand, there are 
many points and features of interest. It has fifteen miles of paved 
streets, the most frequented being laid in vitrified brick. It is well 
illuminated by gas and electricity, and the water supply from the river 
is abundant. 

The city's officials consist of a mayor and eleven councilmen, city 
clerk, treasurer and a tax collector. These officials have their quarters 
in the City Hall, a large, handsome building, erected in 1874, and occupy- 
ing the square bounded by Frederick, North Centre, North Liberty and 
Bedford streets. The entire ground floor of this building is occupied as 
a meat and vegetable market ; the second floor by the Academy of Music, 
the seating capacity of which is over one thousand persons. Lodging 
rooms and city offices take up the rest of the structure. In the rear of 
the City Hall is the Market Square, Station House and the Pioneer Hose 
Company's building. Thirteen policemen make up the force of the city's 
guardians. The fire department at present consists of four volunteer 
companies. The taxable basis of the city on June 1, 1892, was $6,845,548, 
and the tax rate was placed at eight mills. 

The educational needs of the city are amply provided for by seven 
public and six parochial schools, one high school and the Alleghany 
County Academy. Its religious world worships in eighteen churches, 
representing all creeds. The handsomest of these are owned by the 
congregations of the Presbyterian, Emmanuel Protestant Episcopal, 
Methodist Episcopal, Saints Peter and Paul's and St. Patrick's Catholic. 
In connection with Saints Peter and Paul's Church there is a convent in 
charge of the Ursuline nuns, and a large monastery of the Capuchin 
Order, while the convent of the Sisters of Mercy of St. Joseph is attached 
to St. Patrick's Church. The cemeteries are Rose Hill and Saints Peter 
and Paul's, beautifully located on the brow of the hill on the western 
part, Greenmount, Sumner (colored), St. Patrick's and a Jewish cemetery 
in the eastern part of the city. 

One of Cumberland's handsomest buildings, the court-house, was 
destroyed by fire on the early morning of January 5, 1893. It will be 
rebuilt, enlarged and improved during the present summer. Immedi- 
ately in the rear of the court-house site, on the opposite side of the 
street, is the county jail, a well-protected and strongly built piece of 
brick work. Within a stone's throw of the jail are located the city 
water works, between Green street and the river. Just at the eastern 
limits of the city are the Alms-house and Sylvan Retreat, an asylum for 
the insane, built by the county in 1888, at a cost of thirty-five hundred 
dollars. On Baltimore avenue there is the \Yestern Maryland Home and 
Infirmary. This charitable undertaking was organized in 1887 by a few 



372 MARYLAND. 

of Cumberland's pLilantLropic ladies. State aid was obtained, and the 
present perfectly appointed hospital erected at a cost of twenty thousand 
dollars. 

The industries of Cumberland have been treated in another chapter, 
and a visit to any one of these will well repay the visitor. The cement 
quarries, the steel mills and glass factories are, perhaps, of particular 
interest. 

HAGEESTOWN. 

Hagerstown, the county seat of Washington county, is picturesquely 
situated upon the crest of the main watershed of the Cumberland valley, 
with the historic Antietam one mile east and the Conococheague six 
miles west. It is nearly at the middle of the valley, which here is about 
twenty miles wide, and is equidistant from Pennsylvania and West 
Virginia. At an elevation of 600 feet above sea level, its broken and 
rolling site has adequate surface drainage and is exceptionally healthy. 
The geological formation of the region is Lower Silurian, the TrentoTi 
limestone being the surface rock, with mountain sandstone flanking at 
the foot-hills on either side. It is at the centre of one of the richest 
agricultural sections of the continent, and from the hill-sides and higher 
buildings the eye takes in, to the east and west, bounded only by "South" 
Mountain on the east and "North" Mountain on the west, a grand 
panorama of the valley, twenty miles or more in width. To the north 
and south extends a stretch of more than sixty miles of thickly-settled, 
abundantly-watered, highly-cultivated farm lands, the homes of thrift, 
hapijiness and peace, while at either extremity lie the great battle-fields of 
Antietam and Gettysburg. 

The city was founded in 1762, by Jonathan Hager, whose name it 
bears. In making its plan, he wisely provided wide and regular streets, 
and spacious town lots, so that, in the older parts of the city, an absence 
of the crowding so often seen in American cities is noticeable. 

The hiitory of Hagerstown before 1860 is that of most county seats 
in agricultural sections, one of slow, steady growth from within, yet so 
substantial as to lay broadly the foundation for large things in the future. 
Upon the great highway, the National road, from Washington westward, 
its wayside inns were of wide repute in stage coach days. The road 
system of the county early received attention, and the abundance of 
limestone facilitated the making of excellent Macadam roads. At the 
present time eleven of these radiate to all the lesser towns, affording 
ample facilities for access, and with admirable railroad facilities, 
concentrating in this city the larger part of the traffic of the county and 
the adjoining parts of the valley, both north and south. Being one of 
the strategic points of the late war, it early came to share the fortim.es of 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 373 

the borderland, and its occupation by the forces of one of the other of 
the contending armies, was ahnost constant. This was not, however, an 
unmixed evil, since it attracted some measure of attention to the 
advantages of its location for business, manufacture and residence. Its 
real development began about 1870, at which date its population was less 
than 5,000. Since then its growth has been steady in measure, substantial 
in character and encouraging in stability and diversity. Its population 
in 1890 was 11,698, an increase in the decade of over 52 per cent. The 
estimated present rate of increase is over 7 per cent, per annum, making 
the population at the beginning of the year 1893 at least 13,000. This 
estimate is fully warranted by the annual increase for some years past of 
over 225 dwellings. The fact is also significant that houses are built to 
meet actual needs, and are in large part erected by wage-earners for 
their own occupation. 

Hagerstown has twenty-one churches, of which twenty are Protestant, 
representing eleven denominations, the Lutheran predominating, three 
colored and one Catholic. All have fine edifices, and a number very 
beautiful church buildings. It has also five public school buildings, 
accommodating thirty-nine graded public schools, five private schools, 
one young ladies' seminary having over two hundred students, and a 
commodious and elegant municipal building, with ample public market 
accommodations. Its hotels are greatly superior to those of any town of 
its size iu the East. They are ten in number, furnishing accommodations 
for one thousand persons, and actually accommodating an annual average 
of forty-five thousand persons. The two principal onescost over 1125,000 
each, and are models of elegance and comfort, heated throughout by 
steam, lighted with electricity, with elevators and all modern conve- 
niences, so complete in their accorauiodations as to be noted and especially 
attractive to travelers. The entire city is amply lighted by electricity, 
its dwellings and business houses by electricity and gas. With its graded 
and paved sidewalks, wide, macadamized streets, its law-abiding popula- 
tion (the entire and efficient police force consisting of a chief and three 
roundsmen), Hagerstown is a model town. Its ample water supply of 
pure, soft sandstone water, is drawn from mountain streams eight miles 
away, and two hundred and fifty feet above mean level, giving an 
average hydrant pressure of eighty-five pounds at the highest point of 
service, and so making almost unnecessary the volunteer fire department, 
which includes two first-class steam-engines, two hand-engines and 
ample hook-and-ladder and hose apparatus. 

Its municipal government is now conducted by a Mayor and Council. 
All street maintenance and extension are under the direction of an 
unpaid street commission. All public needs and expenditures are met 
by an annual tax of five mills, and this, with the State and county tax, 



374 MARYLAND. 

amount to but fourteen and one-half mills. Property is assessed at an 
average of about three-fourtlis of its estimated market value. The 
limitation by charter of the maximum corporate tax, and of public 
expenditures in eacii year to the amount of tax specifically levied, with 
the inhibition of the creation of debt without i)revious legislative 
authority and popular approval by vote, effectually guards the city 
against extravagance in municipal expenditures. 

FREDEBICK. 

Frederick, the county seat of Frederick county, is a beautiful town, 
nestling among ^Maryland hills upon the banks of Carroll Creek. It was 
laid out by Patrick Dulany in 174-5, and the first house was built by John 
Thomas Scliley on what is now East Patrick street. Here Washington 
and lienjamin Franklin met for the fii'st time, and Jiere also Washington 
and Braddock fitted out their famous expedition against the French and 
Indians in 1755. The barracks in which the troops were quartered, and 
the military road built by them and over which they marched, are still 
in a good state of preservation. Before the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
was built, all the travel and traffic to and from the West came over the 
National road, which passes through the city. Such distinguished 
statesmen and public men as Henry Clay, General Andrew Jackson, 
President William Henry Harrison and General Winfield Scott were 
entertained by its citizens, while the older inliabitants of the generation 
that has just passed away, delighted to relate their recollections of the 
visit of the Marquis De Lafayette and the ball given in his honor in this 
city. 

Frederick is well laid out with wide streets intersecting each other 
at right angles, paved with stones and lighted with electricity. The 
houses are substantially built, and though some are old-fashioned and 
quaint in style of architecture, many are modern and handsome, equalling 
those of any other city of its size. The public buildings, including the 
court-house, market-house, public halls, churches, schools, banks and the 
State institution for the deaf and dumb, are modern and well built. The 
stores are numerous and well furnished with articles in their various 
lines. Markets are abundantly supplied with the necessaries and com- 
forts of living, at reasonable prices. The city has, just beyond its limits, 
a large reservoir supplied with an abundance of pure, fresh water, 
brought in pipes from springs in the mountains, in sufficient quantity for 
all domestic and manufacturing purposes and for the needs of an efficient 
volunteer fire department. 

The fertile lands, the admirable location, the low cost of living, the 
salubrity and beauty of its site, the energy, thrift and prosperity of its 
population, all combine to make Frederick a highly attractive city. 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 375 

TOWNS. 

Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester county, is the largest town 
on the Eastern Shore. It is finely situated on the south bank of the 
Choptank River, about eighteen miles from its mouth, which at this 
point is between two and tliroe miles wide. The town is divided 
unequally by a branch of the river into east Cambridge and the main 
town, and possesses a fine harbor for vessels of all descriptions. The 
streets are, as a general rule, wide and well shaded by trees, while the 
whole is beautified by flower gardens and grass plots in front of many of 
the dwellings. The houses are, generally, of the cottage type, so 
characteristic of Eastern Shore towns ; but many substantial brick 
buildings have recently been erected in the business section. The town 
is well lighted by gas, and will soon be provided with a system of 
artesian water supply. It is amply protected from fire by a volunteer 
fire department. Educational advantages are afi'orded by an excellent 
system of public schools, including a high school, partly supported by 
the State. There are eight churches, six white and two colored, repre- 
senting as many different denominations. 

Frosfburg is the second largest town in Allegany county. It is 
situated on a plateau of the Allegany Range seventeen hundred feet 
above sea level. It is in the midst of a great coal region, midway 
between Cumberland and Piedmont, on the line of the Cumberland and 
Pennsylvania Railroad. The population of the town is composed for the 
most part of miners of foreign extraction, but of thrifty and law- 
abiding habits. The town is governed by a ]\Iayor and a board of six 
Councilmen ; it is lighted by gas and well provided with well water. It 
contains fourteen churches, several public schools and two newspapers. 
The vicinity of Frostburg is notable for the beauty and sublimity of 
its natural scenery. The view afforded from the town itself into Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland and West Virginia is most impressive. 

Havre de Grace is pleasantly situated on the south bank of the 
Susquehanna River near its mouth. It is one of the oldest towns in the 
State, and received its name from a fancied resemblance to the site and 
environment of the French port. The city is governed by a board of 
five commissioners elected annually. It is attractively laid out with 
wide streets, lined by well-built hoiises. A system of public schools for 
white and colored childi-en, and a number of churches provide for the 
needs of the inhabitants. The industrial activity of the town largely 
centres, as has been stated, about its fisheries and ice trade. Havre de 
Grace has admirable railroad connection with the larger cities, being 
about midway between Baltimore and Philadelphia. It is located in 
the midst of a rich agricultural country, with an almost inexhaustible 
supply of fish and fowl at its very door. Living is cheap, the climate is 



376 MARYLAND. 

healthy, and it offers many attractions as a place of permanent or transient 
residence. 

Easton, the county seat of Talbot county, has grown u]i around the 
court house, which wns built, somewhat more than one hundred years 
ago, in an "old field near Pitts his bridge." The court house, a well- 
proportioned Colonial building, is still the most prominent feature of 
the town, standing with the jail and armory, on a shaded green. Near 
it are the market house and town hall, and the Odd Fellows' hall. The 
town is regularly laid out, well lighted witli electricity and gas, and 
supplied with abundant .water from artesian wells. It is still primarily 
a shire town, the capital of a wealthy and populous county. On any 
"public day" the streets are crowded witli vehicles of every description, 
while the market house and "space" are full of people buying, selling 
and discussing business or county affairs. The Talbot county fair is held 
here every fall, the exhibits being displayed in a series of fine buildings 
owned by the Fair Association. Easton has a militia company of about 
forty men, and an efficient fire company. The important religious 
denominations are represented by well built churches. The most 
interesting of these structures is, perhaps, the Friends' meeting liouse, 
erected over two hundred years, and standing in a grove of great oaks, 
just ovitside the town. Both Fox and Penn worsliipped here. Four 
newspapers are published in the town, and well organized public schools 
are in operation. 

t^alishvry, the county town of Wicomico county, and the second 
largest town on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, is situated on the 
Wicomico river, ninety-five miles from Annapolis. In its present form 
the town dates practically from a disastrous fire, occurring several years 
ago. In the work of reconsti-uction, the main street Avas widened and 
straightened, and brick buildings generally substituted for the earlier 
frame structures. As a result, the town presents a modern appearance 
unusual in towns of larger size. Salisbury has several banks, a number 
of churches, and a volunteer fire department. Its public schools are well 
equipped, graduates of the high school being prepared to enter a colle- 
giate sophomore yea.r. Two newspapers are published in the town. The 
climate of Salisbury is pleasant and healthful, and the surrounding 
country is rich and productive. Its industrial activity centres largely 
in the lumber trade. 

Westminster, \\ie county seat of Carroll county, is situated at the 
head-waters of the Patapsco, midway between Baltimore and Hagerstown, 
on the line of the Westei'n Maryland Railroad. It was founded as early 
as 1766 and incorporated as a town seventy years later. It is situated in 
the midst of a rich and productive country, and has ample water power 
for industrial establishments. Fine grades of marble are quarried in the 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 377 

vicinity. Westminster is the site of Western ^Maryland College, a 
co-edncational institution under the control of the Maryland Conference 
of the Methodist Protestant Church. The town contains several fine 
structures, and bears the general appearance of a substantial, prosperous 
community. 

Chestertown, the county town of Kent county, was incorporated in 
1706, and early became a port of entry for the Province. The original 
custom-house and counting-room, though since converted into dwellings, 
can still be pointed out. The town is well laid off, the streets being wide 
and straight, and lined on either side with hii?toric shade trees. The 
court-house and jail are spacious modern structures, as are many of the 
private residences. Chestertown is the site of Washington College, 
which was established in 1782, and was visited by Washington himself 
two years later. Five chm-clies of as many different denominations, two 
banks and a series of public schools are located in the town. It is sixty 
miles distant from Baltimore by water, and ninety miles by rail. Steamers 
from Baltimore arrive daily. 

ElJcton, the county seat of Cecil county, is advantageously located 
at the head of Elk river, a tributary of the Chesapeake. The town is 
also half way between Pliiladelphia and Baltimore on the Philadelphia, 
Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The public buildings consist of a 
court-house, recently rebuilt, with fire-proof offices for the county 
archives, a handsome town council hall, part of which is occupied by a 
well equipped local fire company; and seven church edifices, all excel- 
lently maintained. The town is supplied with both gas and electric 
light. Water has recently been introduced through a modern x"eservoir 
and gravity system, affording a constant supply of pure and soft water 
for domestic and municipal uses. The educational facilities of the town 
embrace an academy of high grade, a grammar school and public scliools 
for white and colored children. Ample facilities are afforded for public 
entertainineTits, and a free circulating library will soon be provided. Two 
national banks afford all needed banking facilities, and tlie retail trade 
of the town is transacted by enterprising mercantile establishments. 
Elkton is the centre of a refined and cultivated population, with every 
inducement for permanent residence, and many attractions for summer 
sojourn. 

Catonsville is on tlie Frederick road, six miles from Baltimore, with 
which it is connected both by railroad and street railways. It is well 
provided with churches and schools, and is the site of the Spring Grove 
Insane Asylum. Its pleasant location, healthy environment and prox- 
imity to Baltimore have made it a growing suburb of that city. 

Sparrow's Point is the site of the works of the Maryland Steel 
Company, and has been described in another connection. 



378 MAKYLANn. 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

State House. The fii'st colonial capital of Maryland wa? St. Mary's, 
in tlio southern part of tlie Province, but tlie seat of government was 
rPHioved in 1694 to Annapolis, wliere tlie first state house was built upon 
the site of the x^'esent builrlinff. This beinj^ destroyed by fire in 1704, a 
lart^er cajiitol was erected, but this again, after fifty j'^ears' occupation, 
proving too small for the increased needs of the community, was torn 
doAvn in 1709, and replaced by the present structure. Tlie i)lans are 
supposed to have been drawn by a. pupil of Sir Christopher Wren. The 
dimensions are : height to the top of the dome, 200 feet; front, 120 feet; 
depth, 175 feet. 

The visitor enters by the south door into a rotunda of imposing 
effect, beneath the dome. To the right of the entrance is tlie Senate 
chamber, and that of the Delegates on tlie left. 

The Senate chamber has been the scene of memorable events in the 
country's history. Here, on December 23, 1783, Washington surrendered 
to Congress his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the 
TTnited States. In this chamber, in 1784, the long struggle for American 
independence was brought to a close by the ratification, in the presence 
of Congress, of the treaty of peace with Great Biitain. Here, in 
September, 1786, the first Constitutional Convention, generally known as 
the Anijapolis Convention, met to frame a better form of government for 
the United States. 

This apartment, measuring thirty feet by forty, has been enlarged 
and embellished in the last few years. On the west wall is a painting 
representing Washington resigning his commission, and on the opposite 
side is the famous portrait of Washington by Gilbert Stuart. Other 
portraits of distinguished Marylanders, and many curious and interesting 
historical relics, adorn the walls of this and the antechamber. 

In the Delegates' chamber is a fine painting by Peale, representing 
the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 

The State Library, containing about 70,000 volumes, and the Judicial 
and Executive Departments are on the second floor. In the Governor's 
room is a fine portrait of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, copied 
from the original hj Mytens, and presented to the State by the late John 
W. Garrett, Esq. Here too are portraits of several early governors of the 
State. 

From the balcony above the dome, at the height of one hundred 
and eighty-five feet, a magnificent view is obtained; the city of Annapolis 
with its harbor, the Severn river, the Chesapeake bay, and the picturesque 
surrounding country, spreading like a panorama before the eye. 

Two fine bronze statues of colossal proportions adorn the grounds. 
One, representing Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice of the United States, 



CITIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 379 

is the work of W. H. Rinehart. a distinguished Maryland sculptor, and 
was erected by the State in 1872. The other, representing Baron DeKalb, 
leading the Maryland and Delaware troops at the battle of Camden, 
Avhere that hero fell, mortally wounded, was erected by the United States 
in 1886, in pursuance of a resolution of Congress passed in 1780. This 
spirited work is by Ephraim Keyser, also a Maryland artist. 

ExeciMve Mansion. The official residence of the Governors of 
Maiyland for one hundred years before 1866, was the building now used 
as the library of the Naval Academy, having been purchased by the 
Federal Government in the year last named. In the same year, during 
the administration of Governor Swann, the present Executive Mansion 
was built. 

^tate Treasury, &c. Upon the State-house hill, to the right of the 
State-house, stands a quaint old colonial building of very modest propor- 
tions. This is the Treasury of the State of Maryland. The building is 
in the shape of a Greek cross, and is probably the oldest edifice in the 
city. The venerable college poplar is the single living witness of its 
building, nearly two hundred years ago. The rooms are low, and the 
walls of unusual solidity and thickness, capable of bidding defiance to 
the limited resources of colonial burglars. Near it stands a modern 
building containing the Land Office and other public offices. 



CHAPTER XII. 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



TLe political evolution of Maryland from the struggling palatinate 
of the seventeenth century to the sovereign State of our own clay, has 
been traced in an earlier part of this volume. The purpose of the 
following pages is to describe the present government and existent 
political institutions of the State. 

OOVERIS^MENT. 

Constitution. The jiresent Constitution of Maryland was formed by 
a convention assembled in Annapolis in May, 1867, and was ratified by 
jiopular vote in the following September. It is the fourth Constitution 
adopted in the history of the State, earlier instruments bearing date of 
1864, 1861 and 1776. It is preceded by a Declaration of Rights, containing 
forty-five articles, asserting the usual rights of trial by jury, freedom of 
speech, religious liberty, taxation according to actual worth, with declara- 
tions against retrospective and sanguinary laws, attainder, monopolies, 
trial by martial law, etc. The Constitution proper consists of fifteen 
ai'ticles, treating of elective franchise, executive department, legislative 
department, judiciary department, Attorney General and State's Attorneys, 
Treasury de])artment, sundry officers (County Commissioners, Surveyors, 
State Librarian, Commissioner of the Land Oflace), education, militia and 
military affairs, labor and agriculture, pulilif- work-^, new counties, 
amendments, miscellaneous matters and vote on the Constitution. 

Administration. The government of Maryland follows the general 
theorj^ of American political organization in a fundamental separation of 
departments. This is specifically provided in Article 8, of the Declara- 
tion of Rights, which asserts that " the legislative, executive and judicial 
powers of government ought to be forever separate and distinct from 
each other." For purposes of administration the State is divided into 
twenty-three counties, and the city of Baltimore, which is not comprised 
within the limits of any county. The local affairs of each county 
are regulated by a board of County Commissioners, elected by popular 
vote, but determined in number and term of office by special acts 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 381 

of the General Assembly. There is no general administrative sub- 
division of counties into townships, but school and election districts 
exist for the purposes indicated. The g-overnment of Baltimore is vested 
in a Mayor and City Council.* The local affairs of other minor civil 
divisions, cities, towns and villages, are variously controlled by a Mayor 
and Council, by a Burgess or President and Board of Commissioners, or 
by a Board of Commissioners alone. The manner of election and range 
of powers of these authorities are in each case defined by legislative 
charters, and by special acts of the legislature, passed from time to 
time. 

Executive. The executive power of the State is vested in a 
Governor, elected for a term of four years and receiving an animal salary 
of §4,500. He must have attained the age of thirty years, and must have 
been for ten years a citizen of Maryland, and for five years next preceding 
his election a resident of the State. He is the commander-in-chief of 
the land and naval forces of the State, may call out the militia to sup- 
press insurrections, repel invasions and enforce the execution of the 
laws, but can not take the command in person without the consent of the 
legislature. All legislative enactments must be submitted to his consid- 
eration, and his veto can be overruled only by a three-fifths vote of 
both houses. 

He has the usual power to grant reprieves and pardons and to remit 
fines and forfeitures to the State. He ai^points, by and with the consent 
of the Senate, all civil and military officers of the State, whose election 
is not otherwise provided for, and is vested with general authority to 
secure the faithful execution of all laws. 

The Governor, upon election, appoints a Secretary of State, who 
continues in office during the gubernatorial term, and receives an annual 
salary of two thousand dollars. He keeps and preserves a careful record 
of all official acts and proceedings, and performs such other duties as are 
prescribed by law, or as properly belong to his office. 

Legislative. The legislative department consists of two distinct 
branches, a Senate and a House of Delegates, together styled the General 
Assembly of Maryland. Each county in the State, and each of the three 
legislative districts of Baltimore, is entitled to one Senator elected for n. 
term of four years. The apportionment of representation in the House 
of Delegates is made upon the following basis: Counties having a 
population of eighteen thousand persons or less are entitled to two 
delegates; those between eighteen thousand and twenty-eight thousand, 
to three delegates; between twenty-eight thousand and forty thousand, 
to four delegates ; between forty thousand and fifty-five thousand, five 
delegates; and fifty- five thousand or more, six delegates. Each of the 



'For a more detailed account ol' the government of Baltimore, seepage 361, 



382 MARYLAND. 

legislative districts of Baltimore city is entitled to as many delegates as 
the largest county — six. 

No person is eligible as Senator until he has reached the age of 
twenty-five years, nor as Delegate until he has reached legal majority, 
nor to either office unless he has been a resident of Maryland for at least 
three years, and of the particular county or legislative district which he 
may be chosen to represent, for one year. The members of both bodies 
receive a compensation of five dollars per diem for actual service. 

The General Assembly meets biennially, and as the first Legislature 
under the Constitution of 1867 met in 18C8, sessions always fall in even 
years. It convenes on the first Wednesday of January and continues in 
session for a period fixed by a constitutional limitation as not longer 
than ninety days. A special session may be convened by proclamation 
of the Governor, but may not sit longer than thirty days. 

Judicial. The judicial powers of the State are vested in a Court of 
Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, Baltimore City Courts and 
Justices of the Peace. All judges, except those of the Orphans' Courts, 
are elected by popular vote for a term of fifteen years and are selected 
from those who have been admitted to practice law in the State, and who 
are " most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge" 
(Const, of Md., Art IV., Sect. 2). The State is divided into eight judicial 
circuits, in the following manner : Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico and 
Dorchester counties, first; Caroline, Talbot, Queen Anne, Kent and Cecil, 
second; Baltimore and Harford, third ; Allegany, Washington and Garrett, 
fourth ; Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, fifth ; Montgomery and 
Frederick, sixth ; Prince George's, Charles, Calvert, St. Mary's, seventh ; 
Baltimore city, eighth. 

For each of the fii'st seven of the above circuits, a chief judge and 
two associate judges are elected, who hold a Circuit Court of not less 
than two terms in each county. A clerk of the Circuit Court is elected 
by popular vote in every county for a term of six years. The salary of 
the chief judge is fixed at $4,500 per year, and that of an associate judge 
at $3,600. 

The judiciary of Baltimore consists of a chief judge and four associate 
judges, together styled the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. The 
judges are elected for a term of fifteen years, and are assigned to the 
following courts : Superior Court, Court of Common Pleas, Baltimore 
City Court, Criminal Court, Circuit Court and Circuit Court No. 2, the 
two latter being courts of equity. 

The Court of Appeals is composed of the chief judges of the first 
seven of the judicial circuits of the State, and a judge from the city of 
Baltimore specially elected thereto. The Governor designates one of 
this body by and with the consent of the Senate, as chief judge. A clerk 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 383 

of the Court of Appeals is elected by popular vote for a term of six 
years, and the sessions of the court are held in Annapolis. 

An Orphans' Court is located in each county of the State and in 
Baltimore city. It consists of three judges elected by popular vote for a 
term of four years, and exercises the functions of a Probate Court. A 
Register of Wills is similarly elected for a term of six years. He is 
eligible for re-election and subject to judicial removal for cause. 

Justices of the peace are appointed in the several counties by the 
Governor, and have jurisdiction in civil suits where tlie amount involved 
does not exceed one hundred dollars. Constables are appointed by the 
County Commissioners and by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 
for a term of two years, subject to judicial removal for incompetency or 
neglect of duty. A sheriff is elected in each county and in the city of 
Baltimore every second year. Coroners and notaries public are appointed 
by the Governor. 

Legal. The legal functions of the State are entrusted to an Attorney- 
General, elected by the voters for a term of four years, and i-eceiving an 
annual salary of three thousand dollars. He must have resided and 
practiced law in the State for at least ten years before his election. He 
is charged with the prosecution and defense on the part of the State of 
all cases pending in the Court of Appeals, or in the United States Supreme 
Court. He is required to give his opinion in writing, whenever required 
by any public officer, upon any legal matter pending before him, and 
cannot receive any fees or perquisite in addition to tlie salary paid for 
the performance of his ofiicial duty. 

A State's Attorney is elected by popular vote in each county and in 
the city of Baltimore for a term of four years, and serves as the prose- 
cuting officer of the State in the particular district. He must have been 
admitted to practice law in the State, and have resided at least two 
years in the county or city in which he may be elected. 

FINANCES. 

The finances of the State are administered by a Treasury Depart- 
ment, consisting of a Comptroller, chosen biennially by popular vote, 
with an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, and a Treas- 
urer, appointed by the General Assembly at the same salary. The 
Comptroller is vested with a general superintendence of the fiscal affairs 
of the State. He prepares and reports estimates of revenue and expen- 
diture; enforces the prompt collection of all taxes; preserves all public 
accounts, and grants all warrants for money to be paid out of the treasury 
in pursuance of appropriations by law. The Treasurer receives and 
deposits the moneys of the State, and disburses the same upon warrants 



384 MARYLAND. 

drawn by the Cotnijtroller. He provides for the payment of the interest 
of the State debt, and for purchases on account of the sinking fund. 

Funded Debt. The net funded debt of Maryhind aggregated on 
September 30, 1892, $3,082,286.35. The original loans, which have all 
been re-funded at 3 and 3i". per cent., were issued to aid in the construc- 
tion of works of internal improvement, largely the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; for the erection of State 
institutions, and to assist in the public defence during the late war. The 
volume of indebtedness is being rapidly reduced — by the amount of 
$2,036,65(3.28 in 1892 — and will probably be entirely extinguished in a 
few years. The credit of the State is high, its bonds being sought for 
purposes of investment, and commanding premiums in the general 
market. The following is a detailed statement of the funded debt: 

(•hanicter ol' Loan. Matud'iy. Ainount. 

3 per font. Excliauge Loan of 1880 1900 | G28,85o.00 

;!iVo pel' cent. Defence Redemption Loan 1899 3,000,000.00 

3 per cent. Exchange Loan of 188(! 1901 1,370,474.10 

3 per cent. E.xcliauge Loan of 1889 1903 3.079,400.00 

3 i>cr cent. Exchange Loan of 1891 190.5 70(5,757.14 

Gross amount of Funded Debt. '. $8,684,986.34 

As an offset to this debt, the State holds the following bonds and 
stocks, on which interest or dividends are paid: 

Slock in Washington Branch 15. & O. H. U. do % .5,0O,O0O.O() 

Farmer's National Bank of Annapol.s 46,470.00 

Annapolis Water Comininy ;30,000.00 

]?onds of N. C. Railway Mortgage 1,.500,000.00 

Bonds of Susquehanna and Tide- Water Canal Co 1,000,000.00 

Cash to Credit of Sinking Funds 1,485.46 

Sto('ks and Bonds to Credit of Sinking Funds 2,474,744.43 

.15,603.699.89 

Net debt after productive stocks held liy tlie State and 

tlic Sinking Funds are deducted* $3,082,286.3.5 

Revenues. Article 14 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights (Art. 
XV.), declares that "every person in the State or persons holding property 
therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the 
support of the government according to his actual worth in real and 
personal property." This is the basis of Maryland taxation. A direct 
tax is levied ui^on all real and personal property, for purposes of public 
education and to provide interest and sinking funds for the funded debt. 
It is imposed upon individual and corporate property, and upon the 

* "It is worthy of note that the productive stocks, with a single e.vceptio^, held by the State, have a 
market value greatly in c.\oess of their par value, and if a statement was prepared placing the State 
securities at I heir marljct value, this net debt would be decTeasod by more than one-half. ' ' (Report of 
Comptroller for 18'ja, p. vi) . 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



3S5 



capital stock of corporations, less the assessed value of parts of its capital 
already taxed or non-taxable. Personal property is listed by tlie state- 
ment of tlie taxable, and valued by tlie assessor. The last g-eneral 
assessment was made in 1876. Revisions are, however, made from year 
to year by the county boards and by the .\ppeal Tax Court of Baltimore 
City. A Tax Commissioner is apointed by the Board of Public Works 
for a term of four years, at an annual salary of twenty-five hundred 
dollars, to assess and revise for State purposes the shares of all incor- 
porated associations or institutions liable to taxation. 

The assessed value of property in 1877 — in which year the returns of 
the general assessment became first available — in 1891 and in 1892, and 
the amount realized in 1892, are as follows : 



Counties 

and 

13altimore City. 


Assessed value oi 

property for 
State levy in 1877. 


Assessed value of 

property for 
State levy in 1891. 


Assessed value oi 

property for 
State levy in 1893. 


Amount of levy 

for 1893 

at 17% cents 

on each $100.00. 


Allegany 

Anne Arundel 


$ 10,809,343 

9,870,117 

243,132,007 

50,.501,160 
2, 11. 3, .5.59 
3,757, 157 

16,167,511 ■ 

13, 198, .535 
3,4.53,.501 
6,039,790 

2.5,463,716 
3,3.36,359 

11,-506,903 

7,.536,408 

7,44.8,301 

8,272,.571 

._ .. 9,073,363 .__ 


$ 16,0.83,934 

10.725,314 

276,408,0.52 

39,050,044 

2,037,.800 

4,381,469 

15,885,655 

13,389,101 

.3,333,016 

6,183,618 

23,1.39,041 

4,124,187 

12,137,415 

7,436.312 

7,7.V.),640 

9,951,605 

-_- 9,005,317. 


S 16,151,.5.58 

10,874,049 
277,171,612 

41,3.59,733 
3,033,209 
4,351,415 

15,877,.537 

13,271,949 
3,410,140 
6, 193,888 

23,613,0.30 
4,261,610 

12,444,104 
7,515,094 
7,783,728 

10,425,220 
9,138,883 


$ 28,669 01 

19,301 44 

491,979 61 

73,413 .50 

3,608 95 

7,723 74 
28,182 63 
23,557 70 

6,0.52 98 
10,994 15 
41,913 13 

7,564 36 
23,0.SS 27 
13,339 29 
13,816 11 
18,.504 70 
16,221 52 


Baltiniore City 


Ba] tiniore Coiiu t v 


Calvert ". . . . . 




Carroll 


Cecil 


Charles 

Dorchester 


Frederick 


Garrett 




Kent 


Montgomery 

Prince Georije's 




6,.585,3S3 
2,918,698 
3,939,349 
8,107,149 
16,.599,731 
4,479,301 
4,180,118 


7,330,844 
2,831,924 
4,088,342 
8,634,056 
17,0.5.5,413 
4,065,605 
4,477,273 


7,544,416 
2,71S,136 
4, 193,568 
8,098,294 
17,351,775 
4,149,119 
4,605,481 


13.391 34 
4,824 67 
7,443 .57 
15,439 46 
30,799 40 
7,364 68 
8,174 72 


St. Mary's 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Washington 

Wicomico 






Totals 


$478,468,028 


8510,003,077 


$515,137,538 


$914,368 98 





RECAPITDLATION FOR 1893. 

Amount of levy for public school tax, at lOX cents on eaeh $100 $.540,894 32 

Amount of levy for defence redemptiou tax, at 5)4 cents on each $100 283,325 60 

Amount of levy for treasui-y relief tax, at 1)4 cents on each SlOO 77,270 62 

Amount of levy for exchange loan of 1886 tax, at X eent on each $100. 12,87'8 44 

Total .$914^68 98 

The rate of the State tax for each year since 1876 is as follows: 

1877 ; 17i per ceut. 

1878 to 1887 18f percent. 

1888 to 1892 17J per cent. 

Sources of revenue other than this general property tax, are the sale 
of traders' and other licenses, a bonus or franchise tax of one-eighth of 

25 



riSO MAKYT;ANn. 

one per cent, upon tlie capital stock of all newly created corporations, a 
franchise tax upon the deposits of saving institutions, a part of vvliich 
accrues to the locality where the institution is located; a tax of one- 
half of one per cent. ui)ou the gross receipts of electric light and electric 
construction companies; of one per cent, upon the gross receipts of 
railroad corporations; and of a designated per cent, of the gross receipts 
of other specified corporations. A State tax is also iiapo.sed on collateral 
inheritances, and on commissions of executors and administrators. The 
excess of fees of public officers and the liquor license in Baltimore City 
constitute other sources of revenue. 

Receipts. The total receipts in the State Treasury for the fiscal year 
ended September 30, 1892, were $3,006,551.18. Ot this aggregate the 
important items were as follows : 

Direct tax upou persons aud iueoriioratcci iastitutiuns. . .$903,770 13 

Higli Liquor License for Baltimore city *.')07,080 87 

Trader's License 18'J,764 Wi 

Foreign insurance companies 113,001 8:^ 

Tax on gross receipts of corporations 133,01() 34 

" " collateral inheritances llijOO!) 31 

" " executors' commissions 58,453 40 

Interest on invested Sinliing Fund 171,514 05 

Excliauge Loan of 1801 100,000 00 

Direct tax of 1801 from United States Government 371,20!) 83 

Expenditures. The total disbursements from the State Treasury 
during the fiscal year ended September 30, 1892, were $3,065,833.02. The 
principal items of expenditures were the following: 

Public Deljt, interest $323,.o9G 30 

Sinliing Fund 404,387.58 

State Stock, for redemption 406,013 70 

.Judiciary 100,993 38 

Legislative 132,839 49 

Public schools, wliit(^ and colored. ."iOOjSlS 80 

Charitable, Reformatory and Penal Institutions 337,430 00 

Colleges and academies 07,317 39 

PUBLIC DEPAKTMENTS. 

Board of Public Works. The Governor of the State, the Comp- 
troller of the Treasury and the State Treasurer constitute the Board of 
Public Works. Their duties are generally defined in Article XII of the 
Constitution of Maryland, as "a diligent and faithful supervision of all 
public works in which the State may be interested as stockholder or 
creditor." At the present time this consists in tlie appointment of 
directors for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the Washington Branch of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and various other corporations in which 

*0f this amount, $3.S0,46!).7fl was returned as required by law to lialtimore City. 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 387 

the State is, to a less degree, interested. The Board of Public Works 
also appoints, as will be seen hereafter, the officers of the State Fishery- 
Force, together with certain special officers, such as the Tax Commissioner 
and the Insurance Commissioner. 

Militia. The history of the militia of Maryland is throughout a 
record of unflinching bravery in war and of timely service in riot and 
disorder. The close of the Revolutionary \yar found the State with five 
full regiments in the field. Many of them were converted into militia 
companies of one kind or another, which the Whiskey Insurrection, the 
threatened difficulties with France, and the imminent outbreak with 
England kept alive and strong. A large force of well-equipped volun- 
teers fought in the war of 1812, and during the Civil Wai-, no class 
responded more promptly or served more gallantly than did the citizen 
soldiei's of Maryland. Since the war the militia has rendered excellent 
service in the preservation of order. During the railroad strikes of 1877 
the Fifth Regiment, together with the Sixth, was called upon at an 
unexpected time to assist in maintaining law and order, and discharged 
its duty creditably under the most trying circumstances. Subsequent 
activity has been characterized by the same spirit. Animated by the 
same spirit and remarkable for its rapid development is the Fourth 
Regiment, the nucleus of which, the Baltimore Light Infantry, was 
organized in the winter of 1885. 

The Maryland National Guard was reorganized in its present form 
by an act of the Maryland Legislature passed in 1886, providing for a 
State military force of not more than two thousand two hundred and 
eighty men, formed in one brigade. At present the command is com- 
posed of the following organizations : 

F'irst Regiment Infantry, nine companies, consisting of Frederick 
Rifles, Hagerstown Light Infantry, Linganore Guards, Jackson Guards, 
Governor's Guards, Waverley Guards, Towson Guards and Howard 
Zouaves. 

Fourth Regiment Infantry (Baltimore), nine companies, of sixty 
men each, with fifty-two officers, making the total strength of the 
regiment about six hundred men. 

Fifth Regiment Infantry (Baltimore), twelve companies of sixty 
men each, with sixty officers. The band of the regiment numbers 
seventy-five musicians. A Veteran Corps, consisting of three companies, 
with a full strength of one hundred and fifty men, maintains fellowship 
among ex-members of the regiment. 

Second Battalion Infantry, four companies, consisting of Voltigeurs 
(Cumberland), Garrett Guards (Oakland), and Hamilton Light Infantry 
(Frostburg). 



nSS MAnVLAND. 

Tliird Battalion Infantry, five companies, consistinj? of Groome 
Guards, Prince George's Rifles, Talbot County Guards, Lloyd Guards and 
Calvert County Company. 

Monnraental City Guards (Baltimore), independent colored company. 

Baltimore Rifles (Baltimore), independent colored company. 

Allegliany County Guards (Cumberland), independent colored com- 
pany. 

Fishery Force. The Maryland State Fishery Force consists of two 
steamers, niue schooners and two sloops, armed and eqnijjped as a naval 
militia to enforce the oy?ter fishery laws of the State. Eight local boats 
are paid by the counties to watch the waters within their jurisdiction, 
but are under the control of the State navy. The movements of the force 
are directed by a commander appointed, as are all the subordi)iate 
officers, by the Board of I'ublic Works. Each of the steamers is controlled 
by a deputy commander, and each of the schooners and sloops by a 
captain. The territories protected by the local boats are Poplar Island 
Narrows, Cambridge, Herring Bay, Holland Straits, St. Mary's River, St. 
Michael's and Oxford. The Gomrnor McLane is the flagship of the 
navy. Tlie outfit of the regular boats, as distinguished from the local 
boats, consists of Winchester rifles and one cannon each. The steamers 
have each a crew of twelve men, and the schooners and sloops each of 
six. The local boats, which are only employed for six months of the 
year, have eacli a crew of four men. They carry no cannon, but are 
armed with Winchester rifles. 

Tobacco Inspector. From early provincial days, measures have 
been taken in Maiyland to maintain a high standard of excellence in the 
production of its chief stapl«. The various statutes adopted from time 
to time were systematized in a Tobacco Code, passed in 1763. It 
consisted of one hundred and fifty-three sections providing in great 
detail for the inspection, sampling and shipping of tobacco. This code 
has 'since been supplemented and revised at intervals. To facilitate 
inspection, a number of tobacco warehouses have been erected in Balti- 
more, the first as early as 1823. At present three are in activity, each 
under the direction of an inspector, biennially appointed by the Governor 
at an annual salary of twenty-five hundi-ed dollars, and a subordinate 
force similarly appointed. The general supervision of the system is 
entrusted to a Supervisor of Warehouses, appointed for a term of two 
years at an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars. 

Land Office. A Land Office, distinct from other public departments, 
was created in Maryland as early as 1680. Its functions were adminis- 
tered by a Land Council, and included the disposition and regulation of 
all public lands, whether by lease or sale. The Confiscation Act of 178U 
vested in the State all lands belonging to the Proprietary and other 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 389 

British owners. In 1781 a portion of these lands was allotted to Maryland 
officers and soldiers who had served in the War of Revolution, and a Land 
Office was created for the Western Shore, and another for the Eastern 
Shore, under the direction and care of Register.:;. The two offices were 
united in 1851 at Annapolis. Subsequent legislation has materially 
enlarged the character and scope of the department. Its administration 
is vested in a Commissioner of the Land Office appointed by the Governor 
for a term of four years and receiving an annual salary of fifteen hundred 
dollars, together with a commission on the fees of office. He is required 
to make searches and furnish copies of land patents ; to prescribe rules 
for and regulate the conduct of County Surveyors in making surveys and 
returning certificates and plats; and to hear and decide upon all caveats 
which may come before him as Commissioner. 

Bureau, of Statistics and Information. A Bureau of Industrial 
Statistics and Information was established in Maryland in 1884, and 
biennial reports published upon the Industrial and social condition of 
the State. In 1892 the Bureau was reorganized and its scope largely 
extended. As now constituted, the department is in charge of a Chief 
of the Industrial Bureau, appointed by the Governor for a term of two 
years, at an annual salary of $2,500. The work of the Bureau includes 
the collection of information and statistical data concerning the condition 
of labor, the agricultural and mineral products of the State, and the 
traffic of railroads and transportation companies, and of shipping and 
commerce. The information so gathered is collated and published in an 
annual report. The Bureau is located in Baltimore at the southwest 
corner of Charles and Saratoga streets, and it is here that all inquiries 
suggested by and unanswered in the present volume should be addressed. 

Maryland State Weather Bureau. A Bureau for the reception of 
meteorological reports and the display of warning signals for the States 
of Maryland and Delaware, was organized in May, 1891, under the joint 
auspices of the -lohns Hopkins University, the Maryland Agricultural 
College and the United States Weather Bureau. The service occupies 
quarters in the Physical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, on 
Monument street and Linden avenue, with Dr. C. P. Cronk, of the United 
States Weather Bureau, as meteorologist in chai'ge. Sub-stations are 
located in all the counties of Maryland, and also in Delaware, from which 
reports are regularly received and where warning signals are displayed. 

State Board of Education. The general care and supervision of 
public education in Maryland is vested in a State Board of Education, 
consisting of four persons, appointed by the Governor at every regular 
session of the General Assembly and serving without salary, the Gov- 
ernor himself and the principal of the State Normal School. They 
exercise general supervision over Boards of County School Commissioners, 



390 MARYLAND. 

examine candidates, when requested, for the ofQce of County Examiners, 
and issue professional certificates to teachers. Tliey are ex-officio trustees 
of the State Nonnal School, and are vested with its jfenei'al administra- 
tion and control. Each Board of County School Commissioners and all 
schools and collei^es receiving State appropriations are required to make 
to them an annual report of all matters affecting educational interests in 
the county. County I>oards are also i-eriuested to submit a statement of 
receipts, disbursements and indebtedness. An abstract of these reports, 
together with a statement of the apportionment of money to the counties 
and Baltimore city, and such suggestions regarding the educational 
interests of the State as are deemed expedient, is submitted in an annual 
report to the Governor. 

State Board of Health. This board has general care of the sanitary 
interests of the people of Maryland. It consists of seven members — 
tliree physicians, one civil engineer, a secretary, the attorney-general of 
the State (ex-officio), and the health commissioner of Baltimore {ex- 
officio) — appointed by the Governor for a terra of four years, and serving 
without compensation. The secretary is, however, elected by the board 
upon organization, and receives an annual salary of eighteen hundred 
dollars. The functions of the board include a general supervision over 
the health of the State, investigations into the presence and causes of 
disease, epidemics and nuisances in specific localities, and the collection 
of vital statistics. 

Two Boards of Medical Examiners, consisting of seven physicians 
each, appointed for a term of four years, and respectively representing 
the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and the Maryland 
Homoeopathic Medical Society, examine and license persons qualified to 
practice medicine in the State. 

A Board of Examiners of Dental Surgery, composed of the 
attorney-general, tlie health commissioner of Baltimore and five practic- 
ing dentists, appointed by the Governor for four years, and serving 
without compensation, examine and issue certificates to all persons 
practicing dentistry witliin the State. Three Commissioners of Phar- 
macy are biennially appointed by the Governor upon nomination of the 
Maryland College of Pharmacy, to license practical pharmacists in the 
State. A State Lvnacy Commission, composed of six competent persons 
appointed by the Governor, and serving without compensation, with the 
attorney-general as a member ex-officio, exercise supervision over all 
institutions, public and private, in which insane persons are confined. 
The protection of domestic animals from contatrious and infectious 
diseases is vested in a Live Stock Sanitary Board, consisting of three 
commissioners appointed by the Governor, and receiving a per diem 
compensation for actual service. Two Commissioners of Fisheries, at 



POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 391 

an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars eacL, liave charge of the 
propagation, culture and preservation of food fishes in the waters of the 
State. Two Inspectors of Steam Boilers, biennially appointed by the 
Governor at the same salary, inspect, register, and, if necessary, condemn, 
stationary steam boilers throughout the State. 

An Insurance Commissioner, appointed by the Board of Public 
Works for a term of four years at an annual salary of $2,500, issues 
licenses to insurance companies and maintains the standard of solvency 
fixed by State law. The interests of the mine labor of the State are 
entrusted to a Oommissioner of Mines for Alleghany and Garrett 
counties, appointed by the Governor at an aimual salary of $1,500. He 
makes periodic investigations of the condition of all mines, sees to the 
enforcement of all laws relating to mine ventilation, is an inspector of 
mining scales and weights, investigates all loss of life in mines, and may 
institute suit if the accident arises from the overseer's violation of law. 

A State Vaccine Agent, appointed by the Governor for a term of six 
yeai\s at an annual salary of $600, procures and supplies virus to physicians 
throughout the State. 

Ii^lag and Seal. The great seal of Maryland has already been 
described and explained in the Historical Sketch. The flag of the State 
bears the escutcheon of the seal. This device seems to have been 
adopted by ci>mmon consent, as there is no record of the formal adoption 
of any design as the ofiicial flag of the State. That the colony had a 
distinct flag or standard, we know. The first recorded instance of the 
use of a Maryland flag occurs in Leonard Calvert's report of the reduction 
of Kent Island (February, 16.38), in wliich he says that he and his force 
marched with Baltimore's banner dispLayed. At the battle of the Severn 
in 1655, where the supporters of the proprietary government under 
William Stone, the Governor, w^re defeated by the Parliamentary party 
under Captain William Fuller, Stone's forces marched under the flag of 
Maryland, borne by William Nugent, "standard-bearer of the Province;" 
while Fuller's party displayed the flag of the Commonwealth, charged 
with the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. It is also said that a 
Maryland flag was carried bj^ the Marylanders who accompanied Brad- 
dock's expedition against Fort Du Quesne in 1756. 

A Maryland flag was presented at the outbreak of the late war to 

the Frederick Volunteers, an organization which afterwards became part 

of the First Maryland Regiment, C. S. A. ; and it was carried from the 

"rst battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, to the surrender at Appomattox, 

-il 9, 1865. 



392 MARYLAND. 

It is almost superfluous to add that Marylanders take great pride lu 
their beautiful aud historic fla^^. It forms a part of the stauds of colors 
of the principal militia commands, and is displayed at the City Hall on 
occasions of public festivity. 

Federal RepresentaLion. Maryland is entitled to elect six represent- 
atives to tJie United States Congress, of whom two are entirely aud two 
partly chosen by the votes of Baltimore city. The composition of the 
Congressional districts is as follows: 1. Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico, 
Dorchester, Talbot, Queen Anne's, Caroline and Kent comities. 2. Cecil, 
Harford, Carroll counties; districts two to twelve of Baltimore county; 
wards Eleven, precinct No. 9, Twenty-one, Twenty-two of Baltimore city. 
3. Wards (^ne, Two, Thi-ee, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Fifteen and Sixteen of 
Baltimore city. 4. Wards Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, precincts one to 
eight inclusive. Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Eighteen, Nineteen of Balti- 
more city. 5. St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, l^rince George's, Anne Arundel, 
Howard and Baltimore counties, districts one and thirteen, Baltimore city, 
ward Seventeen. 6. Alleghany, Garrett, Washington, Frederick, Mont- 
gomery counties. 

The law provides that of the two United States Senators from Mary- 
land, one shall be chosen from tlie Eastern, and the other from the 
Western Shore. 



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